Digestion & Metabolism 2: Swine GI Dz

Question 1

POST-WEANING SCOURS…

commonality?

occurs at WHAT AGE? after WHAT?

2 causes?

usually associated with a ____ ____, commonly ____

Answer 1

COMMON

occurs around 21 DAYS OF AGE after WEANING

2 causes?
1. being moved into LARGE GROUP OF ANIMALS
2. recent DIETARY CHANGES MILK to SOLID FOOD

usually associated with a PATHOGENIC AGENT, commonly E. COLI

Question 1

we tend to see GI dz in ____ aged pigs

in PIGS, if they have D+, it will appear ____ because…

Answer 1

YOUNG

THICK/STICKY because D+ causes DEHYDRATION

Question 2

POST-WEANING SCOURS TREATMENT/PREVENTION (4)

Answer 2

1. if PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED = ANTIMICROBIALS
2. maintain HYDRATION (can add electrolytes too)
3. PRE-WEANING CREEP FEED to get them used to SOLID FOOD
4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT –> clean and NOT HUGE changes in TEMP

Question 3

COLIBACILLOSIS…

etiologic agent?

causes WHAT big clinical sign/when?

can cause ___ in slightly older pigs at ____-____ ____; also called ___ DISEASE

transmission?

Answer 3

etiologic agent = ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI (ETEC)

causes POST-WEANING D+

can cause EDEMA in slightly older pigs at 1-2 WEEKS; also called EDEMA disease

transmission = E. COLI ingested from DAM to NEONATE

Question 4

what is the NUMBER ONE cause of NEONATAL DIARRHEA?

what AGE are neonate pigs for this?

Answer 4

COLIBACILLOSIS

LESS THAN 5 DAYS OLD

Question 5

most COMMON cause of POST-WEANING D+?

Answer 5

COLIBACILLOSIS

Question 6

COLIBACILLOSIS..

pathogenesis? (3)

DEATH can occur within ___-___ ____ if NO ____

treatment? for one of them, only give if WHAT? (2)

3 preventions? (THEY RHYME)

Answer 6

pathogenesis?
1. ELECTROLYTES secreted into LUMEN with WATER
2. creates VOLUMINOUS D+
3. later in DZ, causes THICKER, YELLOW D+ when animal is DEHYDRATED

DEATH can occur within 24-48 HOURS if NO TREATMENT

treatment?
1. ANTIMICROBIALS via FEED or INJECTION, only if CLINICAL SIGNS
2. add ELECTROLYTES into WATER SYSTEM for D+

prevention?
1. VACCINATION
2. SANITATION
3. PROBIOTICS for GUT MATURATION

Question 7

ROTAVIRAL ENTERITIS…

causes ____ DIARRHEA

in origin, considered _____ from the ____ or ____

causes WHAT pathologic change?

has a ___ effect, which causes infections via ____ ____

Answer 7

causes NEONATAL DIARRHEA

considered UBIQUITOUS from the ENVIRONMENT or DAM

causes VILLOUS ATROPHY

has a SYNERGISTIC effect, which causes infections via OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS

Question 8

ROTAVIRAL ENTERITIS…

tend to see this in pigs that are ____ or in the ____

pigs likely get it at this age BECAUSE… (+ give age range)

___ mortality, ____ morbidity

3 common clinical signs? (one is +/-)

Answer 8

NEONATAL, NURSERY

pigs likely to get it at this age BECAUSE corresponds to DECLINE IN LACTOGENIC ANTIBODIES (3 days to 8 weeks)

LOW mortality, VARIABLE morbidity

3 clinical signs…
1. TRANSIENT D+ (YELLOW)
2. DEHYDRATION
3. +/- VOMITING

Question 9

ROTAVIRAL ENTERITIS…

TREATMENT, PREVENTION, CONTROL (four)

Answer 9

1. VACCINATING DAM with AUTOGENOUS or COMMERCIAL
2. CLEAN SANITATION between ROTATIONS
3. give ELECTROLYTES
4. ANTIBIOTICS for SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Question 10

COCCIDIOSIS…

aka what GENUS/SPECIES?

tends to be in WHAT age pigs? (3 words) between WHAT AGES?

need good ____ because originates in ____

takes ___-___ ____ BEFORE seeing CLINICAL SIGNS, which includes ____ ____

Answer 10

aka CYSTOISOSPORA SUIS

tends to be in YOUNG, NURSING PIGLETS between 5-21 DAYS OLD

need good SANITATION because originates in ENVIRONMENT

takes 5-7 DAYS BEFORE seeing CLINICAL SIGNS, which includes MALABSORPTIVE DIARRHEA

Question 11

COCCIDIOSIS/CYSTOISOSPOROSIS…

4 clinical signs? (they’re weird)

may be ____ to recover

morbidity/mortality?

Answer 11

4 clinical signs?
1. D+
2. GAUNT
3. ROUGH HAIR
4. nurse but might VOMIT after

may be SLOW to recover

VARIABLE morbidity/mortality

Question 12

COCCIDIOSIS/CYSTOISOSPOROSIS…

main NECROPSY finding?

what 2 pathologic changes can we see?

diagnosis? (2)

Answer 12

NECROPSY = THICKENED JEJUNAL & ILEAL WALLS in SI

2 pathologic changes?
1. FIBRONOUS ENTERITIS in SI
2. VILLOUS ATROPHY

diagnosis?
1. FECAL SAMPLES
2. HISTOPATH AT NECROPSY

Question 13

PREVENTION for COCCIDIOSIS? (three)

Answer 13

1. better SANITATION on SURFACES
2. ELIMINATE/SEAL POROUS SURFACES where OOCYSTS CAN SIT
3. ALL IN ALL OUT, ONE GROUP OF PIGS WILL STAY TOGETHER/SEPARATE FROM OTHER GROUPS

Question 14

what drug should we NEVER use for treating pigs?

Answer 14

SULFONAMIDES!!

Question 15

CLOSTRIDIAL ENTERITIS…

MAIN etiologic agent?

which one is UBIQUITOUS?

clostridium can produce ____, this is a GOOD clinical sign for..

____-FORMING BACTERIA

infects the ____ ____

can come from the… (2)

Answer 15

MAIN etiologic agent = C. PERFRINGENS

UBIQUITOUS = C. DIFFICLE

clostridium can produce GAS, this is a GOOD clinical sign for DIAGNOSIS on NECROPSY

SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA

infects the SMALL INTESTINE

can come from the…
1. ENVIRONMENT
2. SOW

Question 16

CLOSTRIDIAL ENTERITIS…

etiologic agent?

pathogenesis? (2)

if no tx/severe, can see ___ within ____ ____ after infection

Answer 16

etiologic agent = C. PERFRINGENS

pathogenesis?
1. CLOSTRIDIUM produces TOXINS
2. toxins cause TISSUE NECROSIS

if no tx/severe, can see DEATH within 12 HOURS after infection

Question 17

C DIFF tends to cause more MORBIDITY/MORTALITY while C PERFRINGENS tends to cause more MORBIDITY/MORTALITY in pigs

Answer 17

C DIFF = MORBIDITY

C PERFRINGENS = MORTALITY

Question 18

CLOSTRIDIAL ENTERITIS…

can be seen in pigs ____-____ ___ old

clinical sign in YOUNGER vs. OLDER pigs?

on NECROPSY, can see what 2 things?

what is the DEFINITIVE diagnosis?

Answer 18

3-21 DAYS OLD

clinical signs in…
YOUNGER = BLOODY D+ from NECROSIS
OLDER = MUCOID D+

on NECROPSY…
1. RED, SWOLLEN SI
2. GAS CREPITATION

DEFINITIVE diagnosis = SWAB SI FOR CULTURE & ID

Question 19

3 PREVENTIONS for CLOSTRIDIAL ENTERITIS?

for any of these administrations, need a VETERINARY ___ ____ for authorization in FEED animals

Answer 19

1. IMMUNIZE sows PRE-FARROWING for TOXOID C
2. SANITATION
3. PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMICROBIALS can be ADDED TO SOW = BACITRACIN
   –> given 14 days PRIOR to farrowing

NEED VETERINARY FEED DIRECTIVES

Question 20

SWINE ENTERIC CORONAVIRUS DZ…

3 examples? which is the WORST right now?

contagion? why?

etiologic agent?

transmission?

where does the virus replicate?

Answer 20

3 examples?
1. PORCINE EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA –> THIS IS THE WORST
2. PORCINE DELTA CORONAVIRUS
3. TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS

contagion = HIGHLY contagious because it SHEDS A LOT

etiologic agent = SINGLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUS

transmission = FECAL-ORAL

virus replicates in SI

Question 21

PORCINE EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA…

category?

incubation period? (range)

causes both MAL___ & MAL___

___ morbidity, ___ mortality

what AGE pigs do we see this in if we’re in a NAIVE herd?

once the disease is ENDEMIC, what age pigs are affected?

Answer 21

SWINE ENTERIC CORONAVIRUS DZ

incubation = 12-24 HOURS

causes both MALDIGESTION & MALABSORPTION

HIGH morbidity, HIGH mortality

what AGE pigs do we see this in if we’re in a NAIVE herd? = ALL

once the disease is ENDEMIC, what age pigs are affected? = YOUNG

Question 22

PORCINE EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA…

NECROPSY & HISTO finding? (2)

culture for diagnosis?

generally do WHAT SAMPLE/DIAGNOSTIC?

Answer 22

NECROPSY & HISTO finding?
1. THIN-WALLED SI from ATROPHIC ENTERITIS
2. JEJUNAL VILLOUS ATROPHY

culture for diagnosis?
–> ISOLATION if PERACUTE CLINICAL SIGNS, but otherwise UNSUCCESSFUL

generally do RECTAL SWAB & SUBMIT FOR PCR

Question 23

PORCINE EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA…

treatment? why is this not super great?

prevention? (5)

Answer 23

treatment
–> SUPPORTIVE, but pigs likely to be POOR-DOING forever

prevention?
1. VACCINES
2. ROBUST TESTING for ANY NEW PIG THAT COMES IN
3. BIOSECURITY/QUARANTINE
4. DISINFECTANTS or HEAT appropriate for CORONAVIRUS
5. SCREENING FEED

Question 24

TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS…

what TYPE of disease is this?

when is this disease STABLE?

what 4 species can help TRANSMIT it?

what HISTOLOGIC finding do we see?

OCCASIONALLY, can see WHAT clinical sign?

ISOLATION of disease?

PREVENTION? (2)

Answer 24

TYPE = CORONAVIRUS

virus is STABLE FROZEN (winter)

4 species that can TRANSMIT IT?
1. CATS
2. DOGS
3. HUMANS
4. STARLING

HISTOLOGIC finding = ATROPHY of JEJUNAL VILLI

OCCASIONALLY see VOMITING

can do VIRAL ISOLATION if PERACUTE DZ

PREVENTION?
1. VACCINATION
2. QUARANTINE/TEST all incoming animals

Question 25

SWINE DYSENTERY…

etiologic agent GENUS/SPECIES? what TYPE of organism is this?

usually introduced into herd via ____ ____

pathogenesis?

what AGE pigs are most likely? (range)

how many days before we see CLINICAL SIGNS?

Answer 25

etiologic agent = BRACHYSPIRA HYODYSENTERIAE; SPIROCHETE

brought into herd via CARRIER ANIMAL

pathogenesis = spirochete INVADES GI tissues and causes HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS

common in 2-6 MONTH OLD PIGS

tend to take DAYS until we see CLINICAL SIGNS (BLOODY D+)

Question 26

TREATMENT of SWINE DYSENTERY?

Answer 26

can use ANTIMICROBIALS in the WATER

Question 27

SALMONELLOSIS…

which GENUS/SPECIES causes D+?

contagion? (2)

can SURVIVE for ____ in ____, ___ areas

what range of AGE pigs can we see it in? WHAT initiates it/how it initially spreads?

FECES looks… (2)

Answer 27

S. CHOLERASUIS causes D+

contagion?
1. ZOONOTIC
2. HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS

can SURVIVE for MONTHS in MOIST, WARM areas

can see it in 2-4 MONTH-OLD PIGS (older) initiated by STRESS EVENT that causes SHEDDING

Question 28

SALMONELLOSIS…

MOST DEFINING GROSS lesion seen on necropsy? in what 3 locations?

2 other POST-MORTEM lesions?

what’s a good place to CULTURE for SALMONELLA?

Answer 28

GROSS lesions = “BUTTON ULCERS” on…
1. CECUM
2. COLON
3. ILEUM

2 other POST-MORTEM lesions?
1. HEMORRHAGE in EPIGLOTTIS
2. HEMORRHAGE in LARYNX

should CULTURE from MESENTERIC LNs because SALMONELLA COLONIZES

Question 29

what is the LESION & DZ?

Answer 29

BUTTON ULCERS, SALMONELLA

Question 30

PREVENTION for SALMONELLA? (2)

Answer 30

1. VACCINATION –> best delivered ORAL IN WATER
2. PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMICROBIALS in WATER

Question 31

PORCINE PROLIFERATIVE ENTEROPATHY…

aka?

etiologic agent?

pathogenesis? (2)

usually see in ____/___ hogs

___ ____ feels like a “???”

prevention?

treatment?

Answer 31

aka ILEITIS

etiologic agent? = LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS

pathogenesis?
1. LAWSONIA invades INSIDE INTESTINAL WALL (LI or SI)
2. causes CELLS TO FAIL TO MATURE

usually see in GROW/FINISH hogs

SMALL INTESTINE feels like a “GARDEN HOSE”

prevention? = ORAL VACCINATION IN WATER

treatment = PULSE MEDICATION

Question 32

TRICHURIASIS…

GENUS/SPECIES for pigs?

develops in the ____ & ____ MUCOSA & causes ___

NOT VERY ___ unless pigs are ____

what AGE RANGE pigs?

will IVERMECTIN work?

Answer 32

TRICHURIS SUIS in pigs

develops in the CECAL & COLONIC MUCOSA & causes ENTERITIS

NOT VERY COMMON unless pigs are OUTDOOR

seen in 2-6 MONTH OLD PIGS

IVERMECTIN DOES NOT WORK COMPLETELY

Question 33

gastric ULCERS can cause ___ in the STOMACH

can see WHAT on necropsy for DIAGNOSIS?

Answer 33

PARAKERATOSIS

DIAGNOSIS = can see ULCERS on PARS ESOPHAGEA of STOMACH