Digestion & Metabolism 2: Neonate Ruminant

Question 1

3 BACTERIAL causes of CALF DIARRHEA? what is the MOST COMMON CAUSE?

Answer 1

1. E. COLI = MOST COMMON CAUSE
2. SALMONELLA
3. CLOSTRIDIUM

Question 2

3 VIRAL causes of CALF D+

Answer 2

1. ROTAVIRUS
2. BVDV
3. CORONAVIRUS

Question 3

3 PROTOZOAL causes of CALF D+

Answer 3

1. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
2. COCCIDIOSIS
3. GIARDIA

Question 4

E. COLI as a cause of CALF D+…

what does ETEC stand for?

major cause of neonatal D+ that lasts for HOW LONG?

has ___ and ____ E. COLI

also has ___ toxin-producing E. COLI

Answer 4

ETEC = ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. ECOLI

major cause of neonatal D+ that lasts < 4 DAYS

has ATTACHING & EFFACING E. COLI

also SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING E. COLI

Question 5

SALMONELLA…

who can be CARRIERS of this dz?

3 possible clinical manifestations?

prevalent on WHAT kind of farms?

calves can get this within ___ hours of life through 3 sources…

Answer 5

ADULTS can be SUBCLINICAL CARRIERS for NEONATES

3 possible manifestations?
1. BACTEREMIA
2. ENDOTOXEMIA
3. DEATH

prevalent on DAIRY FARMS

calves can get salmonella within 24 HOURS OF LIFE from…
1. COLOSTRUM/MILK
2. SURFACE CONTAMINATION
3. VECTORS

Question 6

2 possible complications from SALMONELLA?

Answer 6

1. OA
2. MENINGITIS

Question 7

CLOSTRIDIAL D+ IS MORE COMMON IN…

Answer 7

CALVES

Question 8

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF D+ IN CALVES?

Answer 8

ROTAVIRUS

Question 9

ONSET of ROTAVIRUS causing D+ is associated with…

what disease can appear concurrently?

Answer 9

DECLINE in COLOSTRAL ANTIBODIES at 48-72 hours of age

can get ETEC (e. coli) INFECTION

Question 10

ROTAVIRUS causes what 2 KINDS of D+?

what does it do PATHOLOGICALLY?

how does it act in the ENVIRONMENT?

Answer 10

1. SECRETORY
2. MALABSORPTIVE

pathologically, causes VILLOUS BLUNTING OF ENTEROCYTES

HARDY in the environment, that’s WHY IT’S SO COMMON

Question 11

CORONAVIRUS…

affects calves in WHAT AGE RANGE as a result of WHAT?

causes WHAT 2 CLINICAL SIGNS?

SPECIFICALLY, causes what kind of inflammation?

what UNIQUE kind of infection can occur?

Answer 11

affects calves 5 days –> 1 month due to FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER

causes…
1. RESPIRATORY DZ
2. D+

SPECIFICALLY, causes MUCOHEMORRHAGIC ENTEROCOLITIS

can present as SUBCLINICAL infection

Question 12

BOVINE VIRAL D+ VIRUS…

clinical signs are….

causes WHAT 2 CLINICAL SIGNS IN CALVES?

Answer 12

clinical signs are VARIABLE, can cause RESPIRATORY & FERTILITY problems

in CALVES…
1. D+
2. ANEMIA

Question 13

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM…

what type of organism is this? what SPECIES usually affects calves?

at what AGE are calves affected? at what age can they become ASYMPTOMATIC?

affects what overall region w/ 3 subs?

causes what 2 clinical signs?

how long does it take to recover?

infectiousness? (2)

Answer 13

this is a PROTOZOA, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM affects calves

calves can be affected from 1-4 WEEKS, but at 4 MONTHS ARE IMMUNE

affects SI, but specifically…
1. CECUM
2. COLON
3. DUODENUM

causes…
1. IMPAIRED NUTRIENT DIGESTION
2. SECRETORY/MALABSORPTIVE D+

infectiousness?
1. HIGHLY INFECTIOUS
2. ZOONOTIC

Question 14

COCCIDIOSIS…

caused by WHAT species in calves? what age of calves?

is subclinical dz possible?

chronicity?

3 clinical signs?

how does organism exist in environment?

where can outbreaks occur?

Answer 14

caused by EIMERIA in calves (causes D+) between 3 WEEKS and 6 MONTHS of age

SUBCLINICAL DZ POSSIBLE

can be ACUTE or CHRONIC

3 clinical signs?
1. D+
2. ANEMIA
3. WEIGHT LOSS

OOCYSTS SURVIVE WELL IN ENVIRONMENT

outbreaks can occur in CROWDED AREAS

Question 15

3 Tx options for CALF D+

+ important note about FOOD ANIMALS

Answer 15

1. ORAL FLUID THERAPY
2. IV FLUID THERAPY
3. ANTIMICROBIALS ONLY IF CALF HAS RISK OF SEPSIS/FDA APPROVED

Question 16

5 risk factors for CALF D+?

Answer 16

1. DYSTOCIA = increases chance of CALF HAVING FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER
2. DAM PARITY = first and second has higher risk
3. COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT/DAM VACCINATION
4. TOO MANY ANIMALS STOCKED TOGETHER causing INFECTIOUS DZ
5. INTENSIVE-CALF REARING SYSTEMS causing STRESS

Question 17

4 methods of PREVENTING calf D+?

Answer 17

1. MINIMIZE PATHOGEN EXPOSURE
2. ensure ADEQUATE COLOSTRUM INTAKE
3. BOOST IMMUNITY via VACCINATION
4. PROMOTE FARM BIOSECURITY via QUARANTINE

Question 18

how MUCH colostrum should be given & WHEN?

what SERUM TOTAL PROTEIN value indicates proper colostrum ingestion?

Answer 18

give 3-4 L within 1-2 HOURS OF BIRTH

serum total protein = 5 - 5.5 g/dL

Question 19

ABOMASAL ULCERATION…

can occur in WHAT ages?

most are…

6 causes?

Answer 19

COWS OR CALVES

most are ASYMPTOMATIC

5 causes?
1. WEATHER
2. HOUSING
3. STRESS
4. TRICHOBEZOARS
5. MINERAL DEFICIENCIES
6. CLOSTRIDIAL DZ

Question 20

ABOMASAL ULCERATION…

4 clinical signs?

3 diagnostics?

3 tx?

Answer 20

4 clinical signs?
1. COLIC
2. BRUXISM
3. ABDOMINAL DISTENTION
4. D+

3 diagnostics?
1. ABDOMINAL US
2. ABDOMINOCENTESIS to CONFIRM peritonitis
3. ECHOIC FLUID for DIFFUSE PERITONITIS

treatment?
1. INCREASE FEEDING FREQUENCY
2. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS via IM
3. Sx, antibiotics or blood transfusion if necessary

Question 21

ABOMASAL BLOAT/TYMPANY

more common in…

5 risk factors?

treatment? (2)

Answer 21

more common in DAIRY CALVES

5 risk factors?
1. LARGE SINGLE DAILY FEEDING
2. COLD MILK
3. LACK OF WATER
4. ERRATIC FEEDING SCHEDULE
5. FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER

tx?
1. RELIEVE GAS VIA TROCHARIZATION
2. FEED MORE OFTEN/REGULARLY

Question 22

why does RUMINAL BLOAT occur in YOUNG CALVES?

why does it occur in OLDER CALVES?

Answer 22

YOUNG CALVES = FAILURE OF ESOPHAGEAL GROOVE TO CLOSE because drinking from a BUCKET, STRESS, ABNORMAL MILK TEMP, etc.

OLDER CALVES = from VAGAL INDIGESTION