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Year 1/2 > Digestion & Metabolism 2: Pathology of SA Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism 2: Pathology of SA Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

= define CONDITION OVERALL, & specific

etiology?

what breeds are likely to have this?

2 clinical signs it can cause?

A

= BRACHYGNATHISM = SHORT JAW, either the mandible (bottom jaw) or maxilla (top jaw)

specifically –> BRACHYGNATHISM SUPERIOR (longer mandible)

INHERITED

BREED STANDARD for some brachycephalic breeds

clinical signs?
1. other upper respiratory tract deformities
2. dyspnea

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2
Q

PALATOSCHISIS…
= definition (what 2 things is it called?)

3 clinical signs?

A

= CLEFT PALATE or ORONASAL FISTULA

clinical signs?
1. NASAL DISCHARGE WITH FOOD because ASPIRATION has occurred from oral cavity to nasal sinus
2. Aspiration rhinitis
3. Aspiration pneumonia with cranioventral distribution, R > L

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3
Q

define condition

A

PALATOSCHISIS (cleft palate or oronasal fistula)

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4
Q

what disease causes this? what is the clinical sign called? hint: RIGHT lung pictured

A

PALATOSCHISIS

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA, R > L LUNG LOBE

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5
Q

label!!

why can’t we see the middle portion?

how is the rightmost material organized?

A

middle portion is ENAMEL, which is made MOSTLY OF HYDROXYAPATITE & BROKEN DOWN BY ACIDIFICATION PROCESS for histopath prep

DENTIN is organized in LINEAR ARRAY OF TUBULES

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6
Q

bone matrix is primarily composed of ____ matrix, and is made of _____ & _____

A

ORGANIC, OSTEOID, HYDROXYAPATITE

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7
Q

____ makes up the bulk of the tooth matrix

A

DENTIN

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8
Q

label this tooth from a young dog

A
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9
Q

label!!

A
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10
Q

5 components of tooth near TOOTH CROWN? (in descending order)

A
  1. Ameloblasts
  2. Enamel
  3. Dentin
  4. Odontoblasts
  5. Pulp
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11
Q

4 components of tooth near TOOTH ROOT? (in descending order)

A
  1. Dentin matrix
  2. Cementum
  3. Cementoblasts
  4. Alveolar bone
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12
Q

biggest differences that HYPSODONT teeth have that BRACHYDONT don’t? (2)

A
  1. HYPSODONT teeth CONTINUALLY GROW THROUGHOUT MOST OF ANIMAL’S LIFE
  2. HYPSODONT HAS MANY SURFACE INFOLDINGS
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13
Q

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT…
made by WHAT?
= connects…

A

imade by FIBROBLASTS (collagen-based)

= connects ALVEOLAR BONE to CEMENTUM/TOOTH

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14
Q

in ODONTOGENESIS, only the ____ have a purely _____ origin, while ____, ____, ____, & ____ have a _____ origin, which arises from the ____ _____

A

AMELOBLASTS, ECTODERMAL, CEMENTUM, PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT, DENTIN, & ALEVOLAR BONE, ECTOMESENCHYMAL, NEURAL CREST

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15
Q

tooth initially arises from the _____, which is…

A

ECTOMESENCHYME

= MESENCHYMAL cells arising from ECTODERM

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16
Q

ODONTOGENESIS…
what makes DENTIN?
what makes CEMENTUM?
what makes ENAMEL?
what makes the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT?
what makes ALVEOLAR BONE?

A

DENTIN = ODONTOBLASTS

CEMENTUM = CEMENTOBLASTS

ENAMEL = AMELOBLASTS

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT = FIBROBLASTS

ALVEOLAR BONE = OSTEOBLASTS

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17
Q

what does the DENTAL PAPILLA become later in development?

A

TOOTH PULP

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18
Q

label this DEVELOPING TOOTH

A

ALV = alveolar bone
PDL = periodontal ligament
AB = ameloblasts
E = enamel
D = dentin
OdB = odontoblasts

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19
Q

= 2 names for these?

3 things they do?

A

2 names?
= ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIAL RESTS/AMELOBLAST PRECURSORS

3 things?
1. remnants of AMELOBLASTIC EPITHELIUM that PERSISTS THROUGH LIFE
2. helps MAINTAIN PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT INTEGRITY
3. helps PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT MAINTAIN CONNECTION between ALVEOLAR BONE & TOOTH/CEMENTUM

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20
Q

____ are the TRUE neoplasms of the ORAL CAVITY

A

AMELOBLASTS

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21
Q

definitions…
ODONTODYSPLASIA = ??
POLYODONTIA = ??
PSEUDO-POLYODONTIA = ??

A

ODONTODYSPLASIA = dental malformations
POLYODONTIA = supernumerary (too many) teeth
PSEUDO-POLYODONTIA = retained DECIDUOUS teeth (more common)

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22
Q

ID lesion (& what it is)

treatment?

A

PSEUDO-POLYODONTIA (retained deciduous teeth)

Treatment? = YANK OUT DECIDUOUS TOOTH MANUALLY

23
Q

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA causes THIN, WEAK ____, likely due to ____ which is also affected in this disease

A

DENTIN, FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR

24
Q

what can CANINE DISTEMPER cause orally?

A

can cause virally-induced killing of AMELOBLASTS and therefore DESTRUCTION OF ENAMEL

25
Q

ID disease & what’s happening

A

CANINE DISTEMPER

causes VIRALLY-INDUCED DESTRUCTION OF AMELOBLASTS –> ENAMEL DESTROYED

26
Q

ID lesion

A

MALOCCLUSION

27
Q

MALOCCLUSION…
can result from…
IMPORTANT in animals that have….
2 clinical signs?

A

can result from CONGENITAL DYSPLASIA

IMPORTANT in animals that have…
–> CONTINUAL TOOTH GROWTH (hypsodont)

2 clinical signs?
1. difficult prehension & mastication
2. can cause soft tissue injuries of tongue & lips

28
Q

DENTAL PLAQUE vs. DENTAL SCALE?
what are these two things OVERALL?
describe each one (3 for each)

A

this is the PROGRESSION in PERIODONTAL DZ

(1) DENTAL PLAQUE = BACTERIAL BIOFILM
1. Has GRAM + AEROBES & GRAM – ANAEROBES
2. Is LOOSELY adhered to ENAMEL surface
3. Is RESISTANT TO SALIVA removal but PHYSICALLY REMOVABLE

(2) DENTAL CALCULUS = TARTAR
1. MINERALIZED AMALGAM of SALIVARY SECRETIONS, BACTERIA, DEBRIS, CaCO3
2. FIRMLY adhered to tooth surface
3. Requires “SCALING” to remove

29
Q

ID lesion

A

DENTAL CARIES/CAVITIES

30
Q

DENTAL CARIES…
“alternative name?”
= DEFINITION

A

AKA DENTAL “CAVITIES”

= ENZYMATIC DEMINERALIZATION & DEGRADATION via acidic products & microbial fermentation that causes EROSIONS in the MINERALIZED TOOTH MATRIX (dentin & enamel)

31
Q

progression of GINGIVITIS to PERIODONTITIS? (5)

A

(1) PLAQUE is IMPACTED INTO GINGIVAL SULCUS

(2) Plaque in gingival sulcus causes INFLAMMATION of periodontal tissues

(3) PERSISTENT gingivitis causes EROSIONS and then DEEP ULCERS

(4) GINGIVAL RECESSION occurs & TOOTH ROOT EXPOSED

(5) ENZYMATIC/CELLULAR TOOTH RESORPTION from ODONTOCLAST ACTIVATION

32
Q

GINGIVAL RECESSION causes loss of INTEGRITY of what 3 structures?

A
  1. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
  2. ALVEOLAR BONE
  3. TOOTH
33
Q

ID lesion & what’s going on in the top vs bottom pic

A

TOP = NORMAL TOOTH, ordinarily the ALVEOLAR BONE should COME RIGHT UP TO TOOTH ROOT

BOTTOM = PERIODONTITIS where FURCATION has occurred (RESORPTION BETWEEN TOOTH ROOTS)

34
Q

DESCRIBE LESION and STAGE OF DISEASE

what 3 things are occurring?

A

EARLY STAGE RESORPTION!

what 3 things are occurring?
1. ODONTOCLASTS have been ACTIVATED
2. REACTIVE HYPERCEMENTOSIS
3. REPAIR DENTIN (more haphazard tubule arrangement than regular dentin)

35
Q

RESORPTIVE LESIONS…
previously called..?
signalment? (2)
etiology? (2, second is associated w a SYNDROME)

A

PREVIOUSLY called…
= Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions

signalment?
1. ~9 years old (middle to older age) CATS
2. Seen in SOME dogs

etiology?
1. COMMON
2. IDIOPATHIC, but associated with chronic gingivitis and stomatitis syndrome

36
Q

in a 9-year-old cat, ID LESION!

A

RESORPTIVE LESION
(Feline Odontoclastic)

37
Q

CANINE FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
= definition
MIGHT be associated with….
clinical sign/description?
diagnosis?

A

= idiopathic proliferation of gingival epithelium & subgingival stroma

MIGHT be associated with CHRONIC GINGIVITIS/PERIDONTITIS

clinical sign/description?
= BUMPY LESIONS around MARGINS OF GINGIVA (between gums and tooth)

diagnosis?
–> BIOPSY possible, indicated based on clinical signs to help rule out more dangerous DDxs like neoplasia

38
Q

ID dz!

A

CANINE FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA

39
Q

definitions for INFLAMMATION…
STOMATITIS =

ALVEOLITIS/OSTEOMYELITIS =

CHELLITIS =

GLOSSITIS =

SIALOADENITIS =

A

STOMATITIS = GENERAL INFLAMMATION of the ENTIRE ORAL CAVITY

ALVEOLITIS/OSTEOMYELITIS = BONE SURROUNDING TEETH

CHELLITIS = LIPS

GLOSSITIS = TONGUE

SIALOADENITIS = SALIVARY GLANDS

40
Q

FELINE VESICULAR STOMATITIS SYNDROME…
causes? (2, one isn’t as well-proven)
gross lesion description? (3)
what 2 diseases can it be associated with?

A

causes?
1. FELINE CALICIVIRUS, sometimes with FELINE HERPESVIRUS-1
2. Can also possibly be FeLV/FIV, but NOT PROVEN

gross lesion description?
1. DEPENDING ON WHAT STAGE YOU SEE THEM IN, can be THIN-WALLED VESICLES or EROSIONS/ULCERS if they’ve popped
2. ULCERS = HAVE GONE THROUGH BASEMENT MEMBRANE
3. EPITHELIAL NECROSIS occurs

Can be associated with…
1. FELINE CHRONIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS SYNDROME
2. RESORPTIVE LESIONS

41
Q

ID DISEASE

A

FELINE VESICULAR STOMATITIS SYNDROME

42
Q

PROLIFERATIVE GINGIVOSTOMATITIS
species signalment? (2)
etiology? (2, one is a specific HYPOTHESIS)
lesions? (4)

A

species signalment?
1. PREDOMINANT IN CATS
2. Possibly seen in dogs too

etiology?
1. MULTIFACTORIAL
2. Can be from LOCAL IMMUNE DYSREGULATION, may have ELEVATED SALIVARY IgA

lesions?
1. on GINGIVA & BUCCAL MUCOSA
2. RAISED, FOCAL to MULTIFOCAL DARK BRIGHT-RED EDEMATOUS PLAQUES
3. EROSIONS&raquo_space;> ULCERS
4. FILLED WITH SEVERE PLASMACYTIC INFLAMMATION

43
Q

ID DISEASE

A

PROLIFERATIVE GINGIVOSTOMATITIS

44
Q

from ORAL CAVITY, ID DZ, ARROWS & CIRCLES

A

PLASMACYTIC STOMATITIS

ARROWS = PLASMA CELLS

CIRCLES = MOTT CELLS (“constipated” plasma cells)

45
Q

EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA COMPLEX…
2 alternative names?
= what disease process is this?
species signalment? (2)
lesions? (1)
histology description? (1)

A

EOSINOPHILIC ULCER, RODENT ULCER

= IDIOPATHIC HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

species signalment?
1. COMMON in CATS
2. COMMON in ARCTIC BREEDS (husky, akita)

lesions?
–> WELL-DEMARCATED RAISED PLAQUES on the LIP/FACE

histology?
–> EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMAS centered on COLLAGEN FLAME FIGURES

46
Q

EPULIS/EPULIDES
= what are they?
etiology? (1)
species signalment? (1)
lesions? (2)
most COMMON type of this in CANINES? & describe the 2 names
2 DDxs? how to distinguish between them?
3 histologic features? (include gross manifestations & 1 is DIAGNOSTIC)

A

= ABERRANT NON-NEOPLASTIC TUMORS

etiology?
–> periodontal ligament origin/reactive proliferation?

species signalment?
DOGS&raquo_space;> CATS

lesions?
1. MICROSCOPIC appearance
2. BEHAVE BENIGN

most COMMON CANINE TYPE = FIBROMATOUS EPULIS (FEPLO/POF)
–> FEPLO = Fibromatous Epulis of Periodontal Ligament Origin
–> POF = Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma

DDxs?
1. FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
2. ACANTHOMATOUS AMELOBLASTOMA (AA)
–> Requires BIOPSY to distinguish between them!

Histologic features?
1. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT FIBROBLASTS help make bulk of COLLAGEN = gives mass a FIRM texture
2. OSTEOCEMENTUM = gives mass a HARD texture
3. SCATTERED ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIAL RESTS are a DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE!!!

47
Q

MALIGNANT MELANOMA…
causes….
presentation? (2)

A

causes LOCALLY AGGRESSIVE & RAPID MULTIORGAN METASTASIS

presentation?
1. Have VARYING amounts of pigment
2. Black –> sparse pigment –> amelanotic (void of gross pigments)

48
Q

2 types of AGGRESSIVE LESIONS found in the ORAL CAVITY?

A
  1. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
  2. ADENOCARCINOMA (especially of salivary glands)
49
Q

ID DZ

A

MELANOMA (malignant)

50
Q

ID DZ & SOMETHING SPECIAL

A

MELANOMA (malignant) with an AMELANOTIC SECTION

51
Q

ACANTHOMATOUS AMELOBLASTOMA…
= what is it?
2 DDxs & how to differentiate?
treatment? (1)

A

= COMMON CANINE BENIGN NEOPLASM of the ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM, AKA AMELOBLAST PRECURSORS

DDxs?
1. CANINE FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
2. FEPLO/POF (EPULIS)
–> NEED BIOPSY to definitively diagnose!

Treatment?
–> REQUIRES COMPLETE RESECTION, can be locally invasive & have frequent recurrence if good margins not achieved

52
Q

ID DZ

A

FEPLO/POF
(epulis)

53
Q

PAPILLOMA…
= what is it?
location? (1)
clinical sign? (1)
age?
etiology? (3)
treatment? (2)

A

= BENIGN proliferative lesions of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

location?
–> ANYWHERE in MOUTH/LIPS or ORAL CAVITY

clinical signs?
–> Interferes with PREHENSION/MASTICATION

age?
–> YOUNG ANIMALS PREDISPOSED

etiology?
1. VIRAL
2. CONGENITAL
3. IDIOPATHIC

treatment?
1. Usually undergoes SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION (especially when virally-induced)
2. Can also perform SURGICAL EXCISION as CURATIVE

54
Q

ID LESION

A

PAPILLOMA

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

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