Digestion & Metabolism 2: Ruminant Hepatic Dz Flashcards
HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS in RUMINANTS…
uniquely in cattle, this can be a ___ dz due to a ____ ____ ____
usually seen during (2)…
4 causes?
PRIMARY, NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
usually seen during…
1. FIRST FEW WEEKS OF LACTATION
2. or LATE GESTATION
4 causes?
1. FETUS INCREASED DEMAND for GLUCOSE
2. LARGE mammary gland (producing a lot of milk)
3. CONCURRENT DZ
4. if cow is OVERCONDITIONED so MORE FAT TO MOBILIZE
PATHOGENESIS HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS in RUMINANTS (5)
- go OFF FEED & not eating enough to support LACTATION or PREGNANCY
- causes MOBILIZATION of FAT TISSUE to provide ENERGY & GLUCOSE
- more fat tissue mobilized increases NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS
- the liver CANNOT handle EXPORTING/OXIDIZING all of these fats
- EXCESS fats accumulate IN LIVER as TRIGLYCERIDES
TREATMENT options for HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS in ruminants? (5)
- correct UNDERLYING PROBLEM & give SUPPORTIVE CARE +/- antimicrobials if needed
- give DEXTROSE SUPPLEMENTATION so they don’t have to rely on MOBILIZATION OF FAT
- other GLUCOSE PRECUSORS (propylene glycol) = MAKE MORE GLUCOSE
- GCCs = ENHANCE mobilization of GLUCOSE PRECURSORS & stimulate GLUCONEOGENESIS
- INSULIN = DECREASE LIPID MOBILIZATION from ADIPOSE TISSUE
TRANSFAUNATION in RUMINANT HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS…
when/why is this performed?
how MUCH can be given?
what 3 nutritional components are we adding by doing this procedure?
when/why is this performed?
–> once animal GOES OFF FEED, NORMAL RUMEN MICROFLORA is DESTROYED so needs TRANSFAUNATION (rumen transplant)
can give usually UP TO 10 LITERS
what 3 nutritional components?
1. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
2. VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS
3. APPETITE STIMULANT
2 RISKS of giving GLUCOSE PRECURSORS?
what DZ is this used to treat?
2 risks?
1. can IMPACT RUMEN FUNCTION
2. NEUROLOGIC SIDE EFFECTS
used to treat HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS
how do we PREVENT hepatic lips
- AVOID OBESITY in DRY COWS so that they can’t mobilize a ton of fat
- IMPROVE DRY MATTER INTAKE/ENERGY-HEAVY GRAINS via TRANSITION DIET
–> 2-3 weeks BEFORE calving & 2-3 weeks POSTPARTUM - PREVENT PERIPARTURIENT ILLNESSES like mastitis, metritis, etc.
LIVER ABSCESSES
ruminants vs. horses
common management cause?
common in WHAT type of cattle?
etiology? (4)
RUMINANTS > HORSES
common management cause = HIGH-GRAIN DIETS
common in FEEDLOT cattle
etiology?
1. HIGH-GRAIN DIETS cause ACIDIC RUMEN ENVIRONMENT
- high acid causes EROSION of rumen wall
- allows FUSOBACTERIUM NECROPHORUM (normal ruminal flora) to GET INTO PORTAL CIRCULATION
- colonizes in liver & causes ABSCESSES
if an cow is NOT EATING, what drug should we NOT give if trying to treat HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS?
DO NOT GIVE INSULIN bc can cause HYPOGLYCEMIA
ID LESION
LIVER ABSCESSES
what 2 US findings can help with LIVER ABSCESS DIAGNOSIS?
- BILIARY DISTENTION
- CAVITARY LESIONS
TREATMENT for LIVER ABSCESSES…
usually reserved for WHAT ruminant patients? (2)
MAIN treatment & 2 specific options?
other treatment?
usually reserved for…
1. HIGHLY VALUABLE ANIMALS or PETS
2. ONLY IF DIAGNOSED EARLY
MAIN tx = LONG-TERM ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
1. PENICILLIN
2. FLORFENICOL
other treatment = SUPPORTIVE CARE (nutritional, hydration)
LIVER ABSCESS PREVENTION in ruminants? (2)
what is a BIG complication of LIVER ABSCESSES?
- SLOWLY increase grain over 3-4 WEEKS so that RUMEN CAN ADAPT to HIGH ENERGY DIET
- AVOID ACUTE GRAIN OVERLOAD SCENARIOS! Do not let animals get into grain bags & eat a ton of grain all at once
BIG COMPLICATION = CAUDAL VENA CAVA THROMBOSIS
3 treatments for ACUTE GRAIN OVERLOAD SCENARIO
what DISEASE are we trying to PREVENT?
3 treatments?
1. RUMENOTOMY
2. remove GRAIN & CLEAN rumen
3. treat with ANTIBIOTICS for 2-3 WEEKS
trying to prevent LIVER ABSCESSES
CAUDAL VENA CAVA THROMBOSIS…
common sequelae of ____ ____ that are located
pathogenesis? (6)
define ANEURYSM here
GROSS clinical sign?
prognosis?
LIVER ABSCESS that are located NEAR THE HEPATIC VEIN
pathogenesis?
1. LIVER abscesses ERODE WALL OF HEPATIC VEIN
2. THROMBUS formation in VEIN
3. throws EMBOLIS to the LUNGS
4. HEMATOGENOUS PNEUMONIA then causes PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
5. ANEURYSM of PULMONARY VESSEL occurs
6. causes AIRWAY RUPTURE
ANEURYSM = weakening of the HEPATIC VEIN’S WALL due to LIVER ABSCESSES causing EROSIONS
GROSS clinical sign = HEMORRHAGE OUT OF THE MOUTH
prognosis = GRAVE, NEED TO EUTHANIZE
PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID TOXICITY…
cattle are MORE likely to have this than horses because…
more commonly get WHAT 2 clinical signs than horses?
what clinical sign is LESS likely in cattle than horses?
what 2 species are more RESISTANT to PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS?
MORE likely to eat ALKALOIDS bc INDISCRIMINATE EATERS
more commonly get 2 clinical signs…
1. DIARRHEA
2. ASCITES
ICTERUS HORSES > RUMINANTS
what 2 species are more RESISTANT to PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS?
1. SHEEP
2. GOATS
