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Year 1/2 > Digestion & Metabolism 2: Bacterial Pathophys > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism 2: Bacterial Pathophys Flashcards

1
Q

E. COLI causes both ____ & ____ DZ

has 2 functions….

3 types of DZ they can cause?

A

causes both SYSTEMIC & GI DZ

2 functions…
1. PROTECT against other bad pathogens
2. can CAUSE DZ

3 types of DZ they can cause?
1. NO dz (COMMENSAL)
2. EXTRAINTESTINAL DZ (UTI, PNEUMONIA)
3. INTESTINAL DZ

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2
Q

what can help determine if E. coli is PATHOGENIC or not?

A

CAN BE SPECIES-SPECIFIC for the HOST

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3
Q

2 types of INTESTINAL pathogenic e. coli (BASIC, 2 subs for each)

A

TOXIGENIC…
1. ENTEROTOXIGENIC
2. SHIGA TOXIN (EHEC)

NON-TOXIGENIC
1. ENTEROPATHOGENIC (EPEC)
2. ADHERENT & INVASIVE (AIEC)

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4
Q

ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI (EPEC)…

what TYPE of E. coli is this? (3 words)

species/what it causes?

characteristic lesions?

A

INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC NON-TOXIGENIC

causes MALABSORPTIVE D+ IN ALL SPECIES, INCLUDING HUMANS!

lesions = PEDESTALS, attaching and effacing lesions on INTESTINAL VILLI

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5
Q

ADHERENT-INVASIVE E. COLI (AIEC)

what TYPE of E. coli is this? (3 words)

pathophys? (2)

Dx made via… (2 things)

most common in WHAT BREED & causes WHAT DZ?

A

INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC NON-TOXIGENIC

pathophys?
1. bacteria INVADE ENTEROCYTES & lives in VACUOLES
2. causes PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS that causes CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

diagnosis?
1. BIOPSY to see BACTERIA IN ENTEROCYTES
2. + FISH to TARGET & FLUORESCE E. COLI DNA

COMMON IN BOXERS, BOXER DOG COLITIS

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6
Q

what treatment can be used for BOXER DOG COLITIS?

what kind of DZ is this?

A

can use ENROFLOXACIN (baytril)

INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC NON-TOXIGENIC E. COLI

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7
Q

ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI (ETEC)…

causes ____ ____ in ____ SPECIES, including… (4)

the D+ is ____, meaning that it is… (2)

2 types of TOXINS that can be released?

HOW does toxin each work?

A

causes NEONATAL D+ in MANY SPECIES, including…
1. CALVES
2. LAMBS
3. PIGLETS
4. FOALS

D+ is SECRETORY, so…
1. WATERY
2. NON-BLOODY

2 types of TOXINS
1. HEAT LABILE = toxin CAN be denatured with heat
2. HEAT STABLE

how does each TOXIN work?
1. HEAT LABILE = activates ADENYLATE CYCLASE –> cAMP to PREVENT Na ABSORPTION & INCREASE Cl SECRETION

  1. HEAT STABLE = ACTIVATES GUANYLATE CYCLASE –> GMP, same process
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8
Q

SHIGA…

what TYPE of DZ is this? (3 words)

what SPECIES does this cause DZ in? MOSTLY ONE, sometimes THE OTHER

in ADULT animals, causes… (2)

in YOUNG animals, causes… (1)

binds to WHAT receptor & WHERE? what 2 things does this then cause?

A

INTESTINAL PATHOGENIC TOXIGENIC

MOSTLY causes DZ in PRIMATES, but also PIGS

ADULT animals…
1. BLOODY D+
2. SYSTEMIC DZ

YOUNG animals…
1. ACUTE DEATH

binds to Gb3 RECEPTOR on ENDOTHELIAL cells & REMOVES ADENINE FROM RIBOSOME to STOP PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, so BLOODY D+

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9
Q

E. COLI SHIGA toxin in PIG EDEMA DISEASE

causes WHAT 4 clinical signs?

in the US, this DZ is…

A

4 c/s…
1. EDEMATOUS EYELID
2. EDEMA in BRAIN
3. NEUROLOGIC DZ w/ PADDLING
4. SUDDEN DEATH

in the US, this DZ is RELATIVELY WELL-CONTROLLED

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10
Q

ID DZ

what KIND of toxin is this?

A

PIG EDEMA DZ (E. coli ENTEROTOXEMIA)

this is a SHIGA toxin

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11
Q

ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E. COLI (EHEC)…

produces WHAT 3 pathogenic things?

what does O157:H7 mean?

MOSTLY causes disease in WHAT SPECIES? what species is a NATURAL ASYMPTOMATIC RESERVOIR?

can POTENTIALLY cause WHAT DZ?

A

produces…
1. ATTACHING lesions
2. EFFACING lesions
3. SHIGA TOXINS

O157:H7 = ANTIGENIC MAKEUP, same thing

mostly causes DZ in HUMANS, but ADULT CATTLE are NATURAL ASYMPTOMATIC RESERVOIR

can POTENTIALLY cause HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME

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12
Q

how is ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E. COLI spread to HUMANS? (5)

A
  1. RAIN/RUNOFF carries it to crops
  2. BIRDS carry it to crops
  3. HUMAN-HUMAN contact
  4. POORLY CHLORINATED pools
  5. SEPTIC water
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13
Q

what MEDIUM is E. COLI grown on?

A

medium = MACCONKEY AGAR is used

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14
Q

ALL POOP HAS WHAT?????

so that means we TECHNICALLY need to test for what?

A

ALL POOP HAS E. COLI ON IT

TECHNICALLY we could test for TOXINS or OTHER VIRULENCE FACTORS, but this is NOT EASY OR CHEAP

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15
Q

PCR diagnosis of E. coli…

helps to ID what?

this is the ___ & MOST ____ used method to ID…

A

ID of TOXIN GENES based on pathology findings

this is the EASIEST & MOST COMMONLY used method to ID WHICH E. COLI WE’RE WORKING WITHS

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16
Q

SALMONELLA…

is very sensitive to WHAT? what does this mean?

often a ___-borne DZ because…

what is the most COMMON SALMONELLA species in ____?

A

sensitive to STOMACH ACID, meaning WE NEED A LOT OF SALMONELLA TO CAUSE DZ

often a FOODBORNE dz because CAN EAT A LOT OF IT

SALMONELLA ENTERICA is most common in MAMMALS

17
Q

is SALMONELLA TYPHI seen in animals? what does it cause?

A

NOT seen in animals

causes TYPHOID FEVER

18
Q

HOW is salmonella TRANSMITTED?

2 specific examples in DOGS?

1 example in LIVESTOCK?

1 example in HORSES?

A

transmitted via FECAL-ORAL

in DOGS…
1. RAW FOOD DIETS!!
2. JERKY/PIG EARS also linked

in LIVESTOCK…
1. PASTURE/FEED contamination from RODENTS/BIRDS

in HORSES…
1. NOSOCOMIAL

19
Q

HOW does SALMONELLA cause disease pathophysiologically? (3)

what can POSSIBLY occur in IMMUNOCOMPROmISED individuals?

usually salmonella DOES/DOESN’T cause D+ IMMEDIATELY after infection

A

pathophys?
1. salmonella enters gut from food
2. can INVADE THROUGH ENTEROCYTES via PEYER’S PATCHES and cause SEVERE INFLAMMATION
3. cause D+

20
Q

for NON-HOST SPECIFIC strains of SALMONELLA, causes ____ D+ for an _____ period, around ____-____ days post-exposure & RARELY causes ____ infections

A

MILD, ACUTE, 3-5, SYSTEMIC

21
Q

SEPTICEMIA in HOST-RESTRICTED serovars means that they…

A

CANNOT CAUSE INFECTION IN ANOTHER SPECIES! EVER

22
Q

HOST-ADAPTED SEPTICEMIA SEROVARS means that they

A

CAN cause D+ in other species but SEPSIS IN ADAPTED SPECIES

23
Q

DIAGNOSIS of SALMONELLA via CULTURE requires…

can also use WHAT diagnostic method?

why can a SINGLE negative culture NOT RULE OUT SALMONELLA?

if D+ and SALMONELLA present, is that enough to prove it? why or why not?

A

Dx requires…
1. ENRICHMENT BROTHS
2. SPECIALIZED MEDIA (for growth)

can also use PCR

SINGLE negative culture can’t rule it out because SALMONELLA SHED INTERMITTENTLY

NOT ENOUGH TO PROVE bc SALMONELLA CAN BE ASYMPTOMATIC (not the cause of D+)

24
Q

TREATMENT for SALMONELLA for…

SUPPORTIVE therapy?

D+ only?

SYSTEMIC DZ? (4 options)

A

SUPPORTIVE therapy = salmonella usually SELF-LIMITING

D+ only = NO ANTIBIOTICS bc can cause RESISTANT STRAINS

SYSTEMIC DZ…
1. TMS
2. CHLORAMPHENICOL
3. 3RD GEN CEPHALOSPORIN
4. FLUOROQUINOLONES

25
Q

CAMPYLOBACTER…

3 potential shapes?

gram +/-?

unique morphological structure it has?

requires WHAT to grow?

A

3 potential shapes?
1. CURVED
2. SPIRAL
3. S-SHAPED

gram NEGATIVE

unique structure?
1. MOTILE from ONE POLAR FLAGELLUM

requires SPECIFIC MICROAEROPHILIC CULTURE to grow!

26
Q

THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER…

grows at ___C but NOT ___C

present as WHAT kind of organism in WHAT location in WHAT species?

how is it transmitted? has a very ___ infectious dose

A

grows at 42C but NOT 25C

present as COMMENSALS in INTESTINES of BIRDS

transmitted FECAL-ORAL, has LOW INFECTIOUS DOSE (500 cells OK)

27
Q

C. JEJUNI…

what GENUS is this?

3 species it infects?
1. CHICKEN (fowl)
2. CATTLE
3. DOGS

A

THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER

28
Q

C. COLI…

what GENUS is this?

what 2 species does it infect?

A

CAMPYLOBACTER

2 species?
1. PIG
2. DOGS

29
Q

4 options for DIAGNOSIS of CAMPYLOBACTER?

which one is MOST COMMONLY DONE?

A
  1. MICROSCOPY = gram stain of FECAL SMEAR
  2. CULTURE on SENSITIZED medium
  3. SUSCEPTIBILITY testing
  4. PCR MOST COMMONLY DONE
30
Q

what does “BEWARE CLOs” mean?

A

CAMPY-LIKE ORGANISMS that can appear on MICROSCOPY of CAMPYLOBACTER (gram stain fecal smear)

31
Q

many animals can be ____ for CAMPYLOBACTTER, and this is common in YOUNG ____ (specifically what age?)

with WHAT CHRONICITY/WHAT CLINICAL SIGN should we test for CAMPYLOBACTER?

should we use antibiotics?

what SPECIFIC drug SHOULD NOT BE USED/WHY?

A

ASYMPTOMATIC, common in YOUNG DOGS <6 MONTHS

IF CHRONIC D+ >2 WEEKS, TEST FOR CAMPYLOBACTER

NOT RECOMMENDED TO USE ANTIBIOTICS BC WE DON’T KNOW IF IT HELPS

DO NOT USE FLUOROQUINOLONES bc causes RESISTANT STRAINS

32
Q

CLOSTRIDIA characteristic appearance?

what is the KEY to diagnosing this?

A

looks like BACTERIA with CLEARING IN THE MIDDLE

KEY to diagnosis = TOXIN DETECTION, NOT JUST ORGANISM PRESENCE

33
Q

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE causes WHAT gross sign?

animals with C. diff usually had WHAT in their history?

what 2 SPECIES does it DEFINITELY cause disease? what 2 SPECIES does it SOMETIMES?

BEST diagnostic method for this?

A

PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS = fibrinous mats that cause “membrane” over GI tract

usually PREVIOUS ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT

DEFINITELY causes disease…
1. HORSES
2. PIGS

SOMETIMES causes disease…
1. CATS
2. DOGS

DIAGNOSIS = PCR with TOXIN AS TARGET

34
Q

what organism CAN we use METRONIDAZOLE FOR D+?

A

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

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