18. Analysis Of Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometric Analysis

Question 1

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

What cephalometric analysis is, and who commonly uses it as a tool

Answer 1

• Examination of dental and skeletal relationships in human skull=>
• Treatment planning for dentists, orthodontists, and oral maxillofacial surgeons

Question 2

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Specific information cephalometric analysis provides

Answer 2

• Discrepancies in relationships between maxilla and mandible=>
• Includes their displacement concerning cranial base and tooth malpositions
• Aids in treatment planning=>
• Facilitates growth prediction of facial skeleton
• Enables evaluation of treatment progress

Question 3

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Goals of cephalometry, and facial components it evaluates

Answer 3

• Evaluating relationships( horizontally and vertically) of five major components of face
• Cranium and cranial base
• Skeletal maxilla
• Skeletal mandible
• Maxillary dentition and alveolar process
• Mandibular dentition and alveolar process

Question 4

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Two basic approaches to cephalometric analysis

Answer 4

• Metric approach and graphic approach
• The metric approach=>use of selected linear and angular measures
• Presented in tabular form
• Graphic approach=>overlaying individual’s tracing on reference template for visual inspection of degree variations

Question 5

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Equipment and materials required for accurately tracing a head film in cephalometric analysis

Answer 5

• x-ray illuminator
• Tracing paper
• Special diagnostic ruler-protractor
• Standard ruler and protractor
• Pencil

Question 6

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

General considerations for cephalometric tracing

Answer 6

• Outlining soft tissue profile
• Tracing inferior border of mandibular body w/ anterior border of symphysis
• Maxilla
• External auditory meatus
• Sella turcica

Question 7

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

How the external auditory meatus is traced in cephalometry

Answer 7

• Located at level of condylar process
• Faint, semilunar-shaped shadow

Question 8

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Recommendation given regarding tracing the maxillary and mandibular incisors

Answer 8

• Trace more anteriorly positioned incisor if outlines of incisors do not coincide
• Tracing pulp canal advised => ascertain inclination of tooth

Question 9

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

key cephalometric landmarks

Answer 9

• S (sella)
• N (nasion)
• Or (orbital)
• Po (porion)
• ANS (anterior nasal spine)
• PNS (posterior nasal spine)
• Point A
• Point B
• Pog (pogonion)
• Me (menton)
• Gn (gnathion)
• Go (gonion)

Question 10

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

S (sella)

Answer 10

Geometric centre of sella turcica

Question 11

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

N (nasion)

Answer 11

Most anterior and superior point of frontonasal suture

Question 12

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Or (orbital)

Answer 12

Lowest point on the inferior rim of orbit

Question 13

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Po (porion)

Answer 13

Most superiorly positioned point of external auditory meatus

Question 14

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

ANS

Answer 14

Tip of the anterior nasal spine

Question 15

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

PNS

Answer 15

• Posterior spine of palatine bone
• Constructed w/ perpendicular from pterygomaxillary fissure to hard palate

Question 16

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Point A

Answer 16

• Most posterior point on concavity between Pog and alveolar bone=>
• Overlaying maxillary incisor

Question 17

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Point B

Answer 17

• Most posterior point of concavity between Pog and alveolar bone=>
• Overlaying mandibular incisors

Question 18

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Pog (pogonion)

Answer 18

Most anterior point of mandibular symphysis

Question 19

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Me (menton)

Answer 19

Lowest point of mandibular symphysis

Question 20

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Gn (gnathion)

Answer 20

Midpoint between Pog and Me

Question 21

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Go (gonion)

Answer 21

Most posterior and inferior midpoint of curvature of mandibular angle

Question 22

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Significance of reference planes and lines in cephalometric tracing

Answer 22

• Essential guides in cephalometric tracing
• Aid accurate assessment of craniofacial structures

Question 23

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

Reference planes planes commonly utilized

Answer 23

• Horizontal-SN, FN, SpP, OcP, MP
• Vertical

Question 24

18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry

SN

Answer 24

Cranial base constructed between point S and point N

Question 25

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry FH

Answer 25

* **Frankfurt horizontal (orbital plane)** * Constructed between point **Or and point Po**

Question 26

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry SpP

Answer 26

**Spinal plane** constructed between point **ANS and point PNS**

Question 27

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry OcP

Answer 27

Occlusal plane

Question 28

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry MP

Answer 28

* **Mandibular plane** * Constructed between point **Me** and most **inferior point of mandibular angle**

Question 29

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Vertical planes

Answer 29

* Points **N** and **A** connected in line * Points **N** and **B** connected in line * Y-axis constructed between point **S** and point **Gn**

Question 30

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Cephalometric parameters

Answer 30

* Parameters of sagittal plane * Parameters of vertical plane

Question 31

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Cephalometric parameters of the sagittal plane

Answer 31

* **Position of maxilla and mandible in relation to cranial base**=> * **

Question 32

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Interpretation of

Answer 32

* **anterior displacement of maxilla and mandible in relation to cranial base** * Decreased values=>Opposite * Angle readings influenced by antero-posterior location of point N

Question 33

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Interpretation of

Answer 33

* **Antero-posterior position of maxilla and mandible relative to each other** * **** * Skeletal class I - angle reading from 0° to 4° * Skeletal class II - angle reading greater than 4° * Skeletal class III - angle reading less than 0°

Question 34

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Interpretation of Wits appraisal

Answer 34

* **Linear parameter for antero-posterior position of maxilla and mandible relative to each other** => * **Determines skeletal class** * *Distance (in mm) between projection of point A and point B through a perpendicular on occlusal plane* * **Interpretation: related to inclination of occlusal plane**=> * skeletal class I is -2 to + * Skeletal class II values greater than +2 * Skeletal class III values below -2

Question 35

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Interpretation of axial inclination of the incisors in relation to the maxilla and mandible

Answer 35

* **Maxillary incisor axis to SN angle** = 102-105° * **Maxillary incisor axis to FH angle** = 106-109° * **Maxillary incisor axis to SpP angle** = 110° +- 5° * **Mandibular incisor axis to MP angle** = 90° +- 5° * Increased values=**proclination of incisors** * Decreased values=**retroclination of incisors**

Question 36

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Interpretation of axial inclination of the molars in relation to the maxilla and mandible

Answer 36

* **a-angle** - maxillary first molar axis to OcP = 90° * **b-angle** - maxillary first molar axis to OcP = 100° ? * Increased values=>mesial inclination of the molars * Decreased values=>distal inclination of molars

Question 37

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Interpretation of parameters of the vertical plane

Answer 37

* SN/MP angle = 32° * FH/MP angle = 23-28° * SpP/MP angle = 25° * SN/SpP angle = 7° * Y-axis/SN angle = 66° * Increased values = **increased vertical growth** (hyperdivergent growth pattern) or skeletal open bite * Decreased values = **decreased vertical growth** (hypodivergent growth pattern) or skeletal deep bite

Question 38

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Indications for Periapical radiographs

Answer 38

* Assess periapical region * Evaluation of pulp treatment or endodontic treatment * Detection of developmental anomalies * Identify any pathology-the degree of resorption of roots, the presence of ankylosis * Status of periodontal ligament * Pulp calcification & root resorption * Diagnosis of traumatic injuries * inclination of tooth roots

Question 39

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Indications for Occlusal radiography

Answer 39

* Evaluate mid –palatal suture ossification and cortical plate expansion * Evaluate fractures * Evaluate maxillary sinus or submandibular salivary gland calculi * Determine position of impacted maxillary canine and supernumerary teeth in vestibulo-lingual direction

Question 40

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Indications for OPG

Answer 40

1. Mandatory for orthodontics in all dentitions 2. Determination of dental age 3. Medial movement of upper first Molars 4. Assess development of third molars 5. Presence of germs of permanent teeth 6. Stage of germ development 7. Position relative to second molars 8. Assess maxillary permanent canine impaction 9. Assess space in lower arch

Question 41

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Prediction method for evaluation of mandibular third molar eruption, according to Haavikko

Answer 41

* Angle less than 10 degree – normal eruption * Angle between 10 and 20 degrees – 50% retention * Angle between 20-30 degrees – 75% probability of third molar impaction

Question 42

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Prognosis for medial inclination of first upper molar axis

Answer 42

* Tangent line drawn to most convex part of medial surface of crown and root of M1=> * Inner angle between tangent and Orbital plane measured * IF Angle 100° - normal position of M1 * IF Angle < 100° - medial inclination * IF Angle > 100° - distal inclination

Question 43

# 18. Analysis-Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometry Methodology for detection of upper canine retention

Answer 43

* NL – vertical line (the most prominent point of** lateral margin of anterior nasal aperture** * ML – midsagital line * Degree 1 - crown of 3 does not intercept NL * Degree 2 - ½ crown of 3 intercepts NL * Degree 3 - whole crown of 3 intercepts NL Degree 4 - crown and root of 3 intercept NL

Orthodontics (104 decks)

• Impressions of the upper and lower arch
• Orthodontics entrance exam
• Centric occlusion registration
• Study model trimming
• Labial Bow
• Adams and Schwartz Clasp
• Functional Applicances
• Monobloc
• Removable orthodontic appliances with mechanical action-active plate
• Biometric methods of analysis
• Clinical Examination( Status And Amnesis)
• Biometric methods of analysis
• Dental arch discrepancies pg 49-57
• Mixed Dentition Pg 57-68
• Growth And Development-Orthodontics Colloquim
• Functional Applicances colloquim
• Fixed appliances test-detailed notes
• Fixed appliances condensed
• 1. Brief Historical Overview on Orthodontics
• 2. Normal human development during intrauterine period in view of orthodontics
• 3. Development Of Dental Arches And Occlusion In Primary Dentition. Stage Sequencing. Ideal Arch Pattern
• 4. Development Of Dental Arches And Occlusion In The Mixed And Permanent Dentition. Stage Sequencing
• 5. Normal Occlusal Relationship in the Primary, Mixed and Permanent Dentition
• 6. Human postnatal craniofacial development
• 7. Influence Of Hereditary And Environmental Factors On Developing Of Malocclusion During Intrauterine Period
• 8.Delivery And Nutrition In Infancy Period As Factors Influencing Development Of Malocclusion
• 9. Disturbances Of Teeth Number As Factor Influencing Development Of Malocclusion
• 10. Deficiency In Endocrine Secretion And Insufficient Vitamin Supply As Factors Influencing Development Of Malocclusion
• 11. Oral Habits In Children As Factors Influencing Development Of Malocclusion
• 12. Early Loss And Rampant Caries As Factors Influencing Development Of Malocclusion
• 13. Childhood Fractures And Diseases Of The Jaw And TMJ And Facial Traumatic Injuries As Factors Influencing Development Of Malocclusion
• 14. Airway Obstruction And Habitual Mouth-Breathing
• 15. Orthodontic Clinical Evaluation
• 16. Analysis Of Diagnostic Records - Cast Analysis
• 17. Analysis Of Diagnostic Records - Frontal And Profile Photo Pictures
• 18. Analysis Of Diagnostic Records - Segmental X-ray, OPG & Cephalometric Analysis
• 19. Analysis Of Diagnostic Records - Cephalometric Analysis
• 20. Functinal examination data
• 21. Concepts of normal occlusion. Key terms of malocclusion.
• 22. Classification of malocclusion. Angle, Katz, Simon classification of malocclusion
• 23. Concepts of primary prophylaxis of malocclusion during pregnancy,infancy and toddlers
• 24. Concepts of primary and secondary prophylaxis of malocclusion in preschoolers
• 25. Concepts of primary and secondary prophylaxis of malocclusion preadolescents and adolescents ( 7-19 years old)
• 26. Myofunctional therapy in orthodontics
• 27. Classification of orthodontic appliances- concepts and principles of action
• 28. Appliances in aid of orthodontic prophylaxis
• 29. Fixed edgewise orthodontic appliances-general description. Principles of treatment and sequencing mechanics
• 30. Extra-oral anchorage (EOA) appliances-general description. Principles of action and design
• 31. Lingual plate appliance-indication, design, modification, mode of action
• 32. Lingual plate with inclined plane-indication, design, mode of action
• 33. Functional appliances- Monoblock and Activator
• 34. Schwarz appliance, Binin appliance
• 35. Frankel appliance
• 36. Klammt appliance
• 37. Balters appliance
• 38. Acquired and developmental disturbances of the teeth shape, position and morphology. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 39. Disturbances of teeth numbers. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 40. Retained primary teeth, impacted permanent teeth. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 41. Generalized spacing and median diastema. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 42. Crowding and arch contraction. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 43. Generalized spacing and arch expansion. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 44. Protrusion (proclination). Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 45. Retrusion (retroclination). Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 46. Class II malocclusion. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis
• 47. Class III malocclusion. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis
• 48. Laterognatia. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis
• 49. Anterior and posterior open bite. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis
• 50. Deepbites. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis
• 51. Anterior crossbites. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 52. Posterior crossbites. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment
• 53. Class II malocclusion. Prevention and treatment
• 54. Class III malocclusion. Prevention and treatment
• 55. Openbite. Prevention and treatment
• 56. Deepbite. Prevention and treatment
• 57. Laterognatia. Prevention and treatment
• 58. Periodontal and prosthodontic considerations in comprehensive orthodontic treatment
• 59. Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment
• 60. Indications for extractions of permanent teeth. Early ( serial) extraction. Sequence
• 61. Biology of tooth movement. Periodontal ligament. The palatal mucosa changes in response to orthodontic appliances action
• 62. Post-orthodontic treatment relapse. Prevention. Retention
• FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
• Anterior and posterior crossbite.
• Biometric Examinations
• Classification of Malloclusion
• Clinical Examination
• Dental Radiography
• Development of Dental Arches and Occlusion
• Extraoral Appliances
• Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
• Functional Appliances
• Removable Appliances
• Retrusion
• Deep bite
• Laterognathia
• Open bite
• COMPRESSION
• Diastema and tremas
• Class II
• Test Ai
• Craniofacial Growth And Development
• CONCEPTS OF MALOCCLUSION PROPHYLAXIS
• Developmental disturbances of the teeth
• Extraction of teeth in orthodontics
• Deviations in position of teeth