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Orthodontics > 2. Normal human development during intrauterine period in view of orthodontics > Flashcards

2. Normal human development during intrauterine period in view of orthodontics Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Development

A
  • An increasing degree of organization and differentiation=>
  • Of tissues, structures, organs, or functions

Examples include the development of anatomic structures like the brain and functions such as speech and behavior.

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2
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Beginning of human development in terms of cell formation

A
  • Zygote
  • Morula (8-12 cells)
  • Blastocyst=>consisting of trophoblasts lining the cavity and an inner cell mass or embryoblasts
  • Embryoblasts=>bilaminar germ disk, representing common wall of two cavities
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3
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

The primary cell of the new fetus

A

zygote

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4
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Undergoes fast mitosis to form a small cluster of cells called a morula

A

zygote

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5
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

By the 4th day, grows, bulges, and forms a cavity called a blastocyst

A

Morula

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6
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

2 layers formed on 12th day

A

Ectodermal & Endodermal

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7
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Occurs at the end of the 2nd embryonic week

A
  • Gastrula formation occurs, involving morphogenesis
  • During this process, a third layer called the mesodermal layer introduced=>
  • Between ectodermal and endodermal layers
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8
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Three layers formed during gastrula formation

A
  • Ectodermal Layer
  • Mesodermal Layer
  • Endodermal Layer
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9
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Ectodermal Layer

A

*Structures that maintain contact w/outer environment:
* Epithelium of oral mucosa
* Saliva glands epithelium
* Epithelium of olfactory mucosa
* Tooth enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp
* The epidermis and skin appendages (nails, glands)
* Neural tube (central nervous system)
* Skull bones, maxilla, and mandible

Ectodermal derivatives are critical for protective and sensory functions.

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10
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Mesodermal Layer

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscles of the head and body
  • Skeletal bones
  • Primitive heart, blood and lymph cells
  • The biggest part of innervation
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11
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Endodermal Layer

A
  • Epithelium of mucosa of digestive tract
  • Epithelium of respiratory tract
  • Tongue and pharynx
  • Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
  • Liver, pancreas, lungs

Endodermal derivatives are essential for various metabolic and respiratory functions.

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12
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Structures formed during the 20th to 30th day of human embryo development

A
  • Primary intestine=>formation of endodermal layer
  • Fetus divided into three parts=>
  • Pars cranialis
  • Pars umbilicalis
  • Pars caudalis
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13
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Development occuring during the 4th embryonic week

A
  • Pars cranialis grows rapidly=>
  • Due to development of brain vesicles
  • Additionally, ectoderm inflects towards primary intestine, forming oral pit
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14
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Formation of the Branchial (Pharyngeal) Arch System

A
  • Cells from three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) =>
  • Gives rise to many structures in facial-jaw complex
  • It consists of branchial arches, branchial grooves, and branchial pouches
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15
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Components of the branchial arches, grooves, and pouches

A
  • Branchial arches - Mesoderm
  • Branchial grooves - Ectodermal
  • Branchial pouches - Endodermal
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16
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Usual layering of branchial arches

A
  • Covered with ectoderm on outside and endoderm on inside
  • Except first branchial arch
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17
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Exception to usual branchial arch arrangement

A
  • First branchial arch=>formed in front of buccopharyngeal membrane
  • Unlike other arches, it is covered by ectoderm both on the inside + outside
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18
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Comprises the core of the first branchial arch

A
  • Migrated cells from neural ridge=>
  • Develop into ectomesenchyme
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19
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Ectomesenchyme, and how it contributes to the development of the branchial arch

A
  • Type of mesenchymal tissue derived from neural crest cells
  • Forms core of first branchial arch
  • Crucial role in development and structuring of arch’s tissues and components
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20
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

First branchial arch produces

A
  • Mandible
  • Maxilla
  • Meckels cartilage
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21
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Second branchial arch produces

A
  • Processus styloideus
  • Ligamentum styloideum
  • Os hyoideum
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22
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Third branchial arch

A
  • Lower part of body of hyoid bone
  • Greater horns of hyoid bone
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23
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Fourth branchial arch

Study These Flashcards
A

Cartilage of larynx

24
Q

Normal human development during intrauterine period

Branchial arch anomolies

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Goldenhars syndrome
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
25
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Goldenhar's Syndrome
* **Rare congenital defect** * Characterized by **incomplete development** of various structures including the **ear, nose, soft palate, lip, and mandible**
26
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Branchial arches associated with Goldenhar's Syndrome
First and second branchial arches
27
# Normal human development during intrauterine period What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), and what causes it?
* Occurs in individuals whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy It * Prenatal exposure to alcohol
28
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Facial characteristics of individuals with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
* Small eye openings * Thin upper lip * Smooth philtrum * Small head
29
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Development of the mandibula
* Formation of the pair of mandibular processes at 30-35th day
30
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Parts of the mandibula
* **Body of the mandibula**: The main horizontal portion of the mandibula. * **Articulation area**: Where the mandibula articulates with the skull, specifically the temporomandibular joint. * **Branch of the mandibula:** Refers to the ascending portion of the mandibula. * **Alveolar bone:** This part results from tooth development and forms the sockets (alveoli) that hold the teeth in place
31
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Mandibular anomalies
* Agnathia * Micrognathia
32
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Micrognathia
* **Downward-slanting eyes** * **Underdeveloped zygomatic bones** * **Malformed or absent ears** * In conditions such as **Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Treacher Collins syndrome**
33
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Agnathia
* **Deficient or entirely absent mandible**=> * Deficiency of **neural crest tissue** in lower part of face during embryonic development
34
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Development time of the frontal process
* **4th week of embryonic development**=> * Important for formation of **facial structures**
35
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Olfactory nasal pits, and how they divide the frontal process
* **Small concave** structures located laterally to frontal process * **Division of frontal process** into three distinct parts: Frontal Nasal Process Lateral Nasal Process Medial Nasal Process
36
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Time of maxilla formation, and contributing processes
* 60-65th day of embryonic development. * Several processes participate in this formation, including the maxillary processes (paired), lateral nasal processes (paired), medial nasal processes (paired), and the frontonasal process (unpaired)
37
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Developmental significance of the lateral brain enlargement during the 6-7th embryonic week
* **Shaping facial structures=>** * Associated w/ lateral aspects of face
38
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Divides the maxillary and lateral nasal processes
Nasal lacrimal groove
39
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Structures derived from the front nasal process
* Middle part of the **maxilla** and **covering gingiva** * Primary **hard palate** w/ participation of **medial nasal processes** * **Nasal septum**
40
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Start of hard palate formation and end
* Starts at **7-8 embryonic week** * Ends at **3rd embryonic month** (12th embryonic week)
41
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Embryonic processes that participate in the formation of the hard palate
Fronto-nasal and maxillary processes
42
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Structures formed by the fronto-nasal process and the maxillary processes during hard palate formation
* Fronto-nasal process=> * **Primary hard palate**,aka pre-maxilla or os incisivum. * Maxillary processes=> * **Pair of palatal processes=>** * Fuse together to form **secondary hard palate**
43
# Normal human development during intrauterine period How the formation of the hard palate impacts the oral and nasal cavities
Both cavities (oral and nasal) become separated
44
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Examples of maxillary anomalies related to the hard palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate
45
# Normal human development during intrauterine period How the cheeks and lips formed embryologically
By **free terminal parts of mandibular and maxillary processes**
46
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Microstomia
* **Excessive fusion** of mandibular and maxillary processes=> * Smaller-than-normal mouth opening
47
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Macrostomia
* **Incomplete fusion** of maxillary and mandibular processes=> * Larger-than-normal mouth opening
48
# Normal human development during intrauterine period When the development of the tongue begins embryologically
4th embryonic week
49
# Normal human development during intrauterine period How the tongue anatomically divided
Frontal (oral) and posterior (pharyngeal) parts
50
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Components of the frontal (oral) part of the tongue and their origins
* **Two lateral and one medial** (tuberculum impar)=> * *These three rudiments originate from **1st branchial arch** and have **ectodermal origin***
51
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Contribute to the posterior pharyngeal part of the tongue, and how is it formed
* Aka=>**radix** (1/3 of whole tongue) * It is contributed by **hypobranchial eminence**=> * Formed by **2nd, 3rd, and 4th branchial arches**
52
# Normal human development during intrauterine period How the body and radix of the tongue join, and what anatomical feature is formed as a result
* Join forming **small V-shaped fissure**=> * **Sulcus terminalis**=> * Top of fissure pointed backward and ends w/ foramen coecum of tongue
53
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Anomalies associated with the tongue
* Ankyloglossia (tongue tie) * Microglossia (small tongue) * Macroglossia (enlarged tongue) * Bifid tongue (split tongue) * Aglossia (absence of the tongue)
54
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Primary prognathism, and when it occurs during embryonic development
* **Protrusion of maxilla** * **2nd embryonic month**
55
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Neonatal prognathism, and what factors contribute to it
* Occurs at birth and attributed to **faster development of facial bones** * **Position of fetus before birth** can also influence this condition
56
# Normal human development during intrauterine period Orthognathia, and what factors influence it
* **Correct alignment** of the upper and lower jaws * It is influenced by factors such as **breastfeeding and eruption of primary teeth**

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