Chapter 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment Flashcards
the internal stability of the body is
homeostasis
objective findings; like fever
signs
subjective findings; like nausea
symptoms
collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a disorder or condition is termed
syndrome
development of disease occurs in stages, described as
pathogenesis
refers to an abrupt onset of more or less severe symptoms that run a brief course
acute
a disease develops slowly, or is intermittent, and lasts longer than six months
chronic
make a person or group more vulnerable to disease
predisposition facts (risk factors)
what are five predisposing factors
age, gender, lifestyle, environment, and heredity
what is an example of age as a risk factor
complications during pregnancy and maladies associated with aging
what is an example of gender as a risk factor
women-MS, osteoporosis; men- gout, Parkinson’s
what is an example of lifestyle as a risk factor
occupation habits, smoking, drinking, risk sexual behavior, etc.
what is an example of environment as a risk factor
air and water pollution.
what is an example of heredity as a risk factor
inheritance, family history
is a blood test marker used to detect inflammatory disorders, among other pathologies
C-reactive protein (CRP)
what are the 4 processes of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
pertaining to the process of engulfing a cell.
phagocytic
a pus-containing fluid release
exudate
signs of local infection are
redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, and red streaks
signs of widespread infection are
fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and delirium
how do pathogens cause disease
invasion and local destruction of living tissue
intoxication or production of substances that are poisonous to the body
origination within the body
endogenous
originating outside the body
exogenous
4 pathogenic agents can include
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
asymptomatic persons or animals that harbor in their bodies pathogens that can be transferred to others
carriers
what are the three defense systems against infection
natural mechanical and chemical barriers, such as skin, cilia, body pH
the inflammatory response
the immune response
new, virulent antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
superbugs
MRSA
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
pair of genetic information arrange in 23 pairs
chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes are known as
sex chromosomes (23rd pair)
first 22 chromosome pair are known as
homologous chromosomes; autosomes
genetic code is referred to as
genotype
is an ordered arrangement of photographs of a full chromosome set
karyotype
the basic unit of hereditary , are small stretches of DNA
genes
what are the 4 characteristics or genetic diseases
abnormality in, or a mutation of, the genetic code in a single gene
several abnormal genes (polygenic disease)
abnormal presence or absence of an entire chromosome
alteration in the structure of chromosomes
changes in the genetic code are called
mutations
agents known to disrupt normal sequence of DNA units
mutagens
what are the three main modes of inheritance
autosomal dominent
autosomal recessive
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive
gene in question is located on an autosome and the mutant phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present on the other chromosome in the pair
autosomal dominent
the gene is located on an autosome but is insufficient to produce the mutant phenotype in the presence of the normal gene on the paired chromosome
autosomal recessive
gene is located only on the X chromosome. males are more commonly affected by the diseases than females
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive
who only have one copy of a recessive gene and appear outwardly normal are known as
carriers
tumors are also called
neoplasms
what are the two characteristics of tumors
benign
malignant
what are the general types of cancer
carcinoma sarcoma lymphoma leukemia melanoma
cancer of the epithelial cells
carcinoma
cancer of the supportive tissues of the body (bone and muscle)
sarcoma
cancer arising from the lymph nodes and tissues of the immune system
lymphoma
