Anatomy_ Body Parts Flashcards
(486 cards)
1
Q
What does the Integumentary System do?
A
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.
2
Q
What does the Skeletal System do?
A
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
3
Q
What does the Muscular System do?
A
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
4
Q
What does the Nervous System do?
A
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
5
Q
What does the Endocrine System do?
A
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
6
Q
What does the Cardiovascular System do?
A
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
7
Q
What does the Lymphatic System/Immunity do?
A
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
8
Q
What does the Respiratory System do?
A
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dixbide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
9
Q
What does the Digestive System do?
A
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distrbution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
10
Q
What does the Urinary System do?
A
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
11
Q
What does the Male Reproductive System do?
A
Overall function is production of ofspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
12
Q
What does the Female Reproductive System do?
A
Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
13
Q
Name parts of the Integumentary System
A
hair; skin; nails
14
Q
Name parts of the Skeletal System
A
bones; joints
15
Q
Name parts of the Muscular System
A
skeletal muscles
16
Q
Name parts of the Nervous System
A
brain; spinal cord; nerves
17
Q
Name parts of the Endocrine System
A
pineal gland; pituitary gland; thyroid gland; thymus; adrenal gland; pancreas; ovary; testis
18
Q
Name parts of the Cardiovascular System
A
heart; blood vessels
19
Q
Name parts of the Lymphatic System/Immunity
A
red bone marrow; thymus; lymphatic vessels; thoracic duct; spleen; lymph nodes
20
Q
Name parts of the Respiratory System
A
nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx; trachea; lung; bronchus
21
Q
Name parts of the Digestive System
A
oral cavity; esophagus; liver; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anus
22
Q
Name parts of the Urinary System
A
kidney; ureter; urinary bladder; urethra
23
Q
Name parts of the Male Reproductive System
A
prostate gland; ductus deferens; testis; scrotum; penis
24
Q
Name parts of the Female Reproductive System
A
mammary glands (in breasts); ovary; uterus; uterine tube; vagina
25
two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral cavities
26
dorsal body cavity subdivisions
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
27
ventral body cavity subdivisions
[superior] thoracic cavity, [inferior] abdominopelvic cavity
28
thoracic cavity parts
two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity, and a central band of organs called the mediastinum, containing the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity and other major thoracic organs
29
abdominopelvic cavity parts
[superior] abdominal cavity constains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs; [inferior] pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum; many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity
30
plasma membrane
membrane made of a double layer of lipids (phosopholipids, cholesterol, etc.) embedded with proteins; externally facing proteins and some lipids have attached sugar groups
31
cytoplasm
cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigment granules), and organelles, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm
32
ribosomes
dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER
33
rough endoplasmic reticulum
membrane system of sacs and tubules externally studded with ribosomes
34
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes
35
golgi apparatus
a stack of smooth membane sacs close to the nucleus
36
lysosomes
membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases
37
mitochondria
rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae
38
peroxisomes
membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
39
microfilaments
fine filaments of the contractile protein actin
40
intermediate filaments
protein fibers; composition varies
41
microtubles
cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins
42
centrioles
paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubles
43
nucleus
surrounded by the nuclear envelope; contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin
44
nuclear envelope
double-membrane struture; pierced by the pores; continuous with the cytoplasmic ER
45
nucleoli
dense spherical (non-membrane-bounded) bodies
46
chromatin
granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins
47
epithelium: simple squamous
single layer of flattened cells with dis-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae
48
epithelium: simple cuboidal
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
kidney tubles; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
kidney tubles; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
49
epithelium: simple columnar
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallblader, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronch, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallblader, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronch, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
50
epithelium: pseudostratified columnar
"single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
ciliated variety lines the tracha and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males' sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands"
ciliated variety lines the tracha and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males' sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands"
51
epithelium: stratified squamous
thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, nd vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium
nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, nd vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium
52
epithelium: stratified cuboidal epithelium
generally two layers of cubelike cells
largest gducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
largest gducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
53
epithelium: stratified columnar epithelium
several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar
rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
54
epithelium: transitional
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch
lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
55
connective tissue, umbryonic, mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells
primarily in embryo
primarily in embryo
56
connective tissue, proper, loose, areolar
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
57
connective tissue, proper, loose, adipose
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet
under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
58
connective tissue, proper, loose, reticular
loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the fibers
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
59
connective tissue, proper, dense, irregular
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the maor cell type; defense cells and fat cells also present
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucose of digestive tract
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucose of digestive tract
60
connective tissue, proper, dense, regular
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the biroblast
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
61
connective tissue, proper, dense, elastic
dense regular conneective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
62
connective tissue, cartilage, hyaline
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chordroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
63
connective tissue, cartilage, elastic
similar to hyaline cartilage, with amorphous but firm matrix; extensive elastic fibers in matrix
supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
64
connective tissue, cartilage, fibrocartilage
matrix similar to but less firm that that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
65
connective tissue, bone
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacuae; very well vascularized
bones
bones
66
connective tissue, blood
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
contained within blood vessels
contained within blood vessels
67
skeletal muscle
long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
68
cardiac muscle
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at speciallize junctions (intercalated discs)
the walls of the heart
the walls of the heart
69
smooth muscle
cells are spindle shaped (tapered on both ends) with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
70
nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are NONconducting supporting cells, called neuroglia
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
71
connective tissue proper
subclasses: loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)
cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells
matrix: gel-like gorund substance, all three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic
cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells
matrix: gel-like gorund substance, all three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic
72
cartilage
subclasses: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
cells: chondroblasts fonud in growing cartilage, chondrocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance, fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some
cells: chondroblasts fonud in growing cartilage, chondrocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance, fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some
73
bone tissue
subclasses: compact bone, spongy bone
cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts, fibers: collagen
cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts, fibers: collagen
74
blood (tissue)
blood cell formation and differentiation are quite complex
cells erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets
matrix: plasma, no fibers
cells erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets
matrix: plasma, no fibers
75
cranial bones: frontal
forms forehead, superior part of orbits, and most of the anterior cranial fossa; contains sinuses
76
cranial bones: parietal
(2) forms most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
77
cranial bones: occipital
(1) forms posterior aspect and most of the base of the skull
78
cranial bones: temporal
(2) forms inferolateral aspects of the skull and contributes to the middle cranial fossa; has squamous, tympanic, and petrous parts
79
cranial bones: sphenoid
(1) keystone of the cranium; contributes to the middle cranial fossa and orbits; main parts are the body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
80
cranial bones: ethmoid
(1) small contribution to the anterior cranial fossa; forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity; contributes ot the medial wall of the orbit
81
facial bones: nasal
(2) form the bridge of the nose
82
facial bones: lacrimal
(2) form part of the medial orbit wall
83
facial bones: zygomatic
(2) form the cheek and part of the orbit
84
facial bones: inferior nasal concha
(2) form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
85
facial bones: mandible
(1) the lower jaw
86
facial bones: maxilla
(2) keystone bones of the face; form the upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, orbits, and nasal cavity walls
87
facial bones: palatine
(2) form posterior part of the hard palate and a small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls
88
facial bones: vomer
(1) inferior part of the nasal septum
89
facial bones: auditory ossicles
(malleus, incus, and stapes, 2 each) found in middle ear cavity; involved in sound transmission
90
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, cervical
small, wide side to side
91
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, cervical
short; forked; projects directly posteriorly
92
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, cervical
triangular
93
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, cervical
contain foramina
94
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, cervical
superior facets directed superposteriorly; inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly
95
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, cervical
flexion and extension; lateral flexsion; rotation; the spine region with the greatest range of movement
96
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, thoracic
larger than cervical; heart-shaped; superior and inferior costal facets near pedicle
97
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, thoracic
long; sharp; projects inferiorly
98
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, thoracic
circular
99
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, thoracic
costal facets for tubercle of rib (except T11 and T12) on anterior surfaces
100
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, thoracic
superior facets directed posteriorly; inferior facets directed anteriorly
101
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, thoracic
rotation; lateral flexion possible but restricted by ribs; flexion and extension limited
102
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, lumbar
massive; kidney-shaped
103
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, lumbar
short; blunt; rectangular; projects directly posteriorly
104
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, lumbar
triangular
105
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, lumbar
thin and tapered
106
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, lumbar
superior facets directed posteromedially (or medially); inferior facets derected anterolaterally (or laterally)
107
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, lumbar
flexion and extension; some lateral flexion; rotation prevented
108
clavicle: location
clavicle is in superanterior thorax; articulates medially with sternum and laterally with scapula
109
clavicle: markings
acromial end; sternal end; conoid tubercle
110
scapula: location
scapula is in posterior thorax; forms part of the shoulder; articulates with humerus and clavicle
111
scapula: markings
glenoid cavity; spine; acromion; coracoid process; infraspinous, supraspinous, and subscapular fossae
112
humerus: markings
head; greater and lesser tubercles; intertubercular sulcus; radial groove; deltoid tuberosity; trochlea; caputulum; coronoid and olecranon fossae; modial and lateral epicondyles
113
ulna: location
ulna is medial bone of forearm between elbow and wrist; forms elbow joint
114
ulna: markings
coronoid process; olecranon; radial notch; trocklear notch; ulnar styloid process; head
115
humerus: location
humerus is sole bone of arm; between scapula and elbow
116
radius: location
radius is lateral bone of forearm; articulates with proximal carpals to form part of the wrist joint
117
radius: markings
head; radial tuberosity; radial styloid process; ulnar notch
118
carpals: location
carpals form a bony crescent at the wrist; arranged in two rows of four bones each
119
metacarpals: location
metacarpals form the palm; one in line with each digit
120
phalanges: location
phalanges form the fingers (or toes); three in digits II-V; two in digit I (the thumb (or the great toe))
121
phalanges: names
proximal
middle
distal
middle
distal
122
carpals: names
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
123
hip: location
each hip bone is formed by the fusion of an ilium, ischium, and pubis; the hip bones fuse anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and form sacroiliac joints with the sacrum posteriorly; girdle consisting of both hip bones and the sacrum is basinlike
124
hip: markings
iliac crest; anterior and posterior iliac spines; auricular surface; greater and lesser sciatic notches; obturator foramen; ischial tuberosity and spine; acetabulum; pubic arch; pubic crest; pubic tubercle
125
femur: location
femur is the sole bone of thigh; between hip joint and knee; largest bone of the body
126
femur: markings
head; greater and lesser trochanters; neck; lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles; gluteal tuberosity; linea aspera
127
patella: location
patella is a sesamoid bone formed within the tendon of the quadriceps (anterior thigh) muscles
128
tibia: location
tibia is the larger and more medial bone of leg; between knee and foot
129
tibia: markings
medial and lateral condyles; tibial tuberosity; anterior border; medial malleolus
130
fibula: location
fibula is the lateral bone of leg; sticklike
131
fibula: markings
head; lateral malleolus
132
tarsals: location
tarsals are seven bones forming the proximal part of the foot; the talus articulates with the leg bones at the ankle joint; the calcaneus, the largest tarsal, forms the heel
133
metatarsals: location
metatarsals are five bones numbered I-V
134
tarsals: names
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
135
plane joint, nonaxial movement
gliding, e.g. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
136
hinge joint, uniaxial movement
flexion and extension; e.g. elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
137
pivot joint, uniaxial movement
rotation, e.g. proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
138
condylar joint, biaxial movement
flexion and extension, adduction and abecktion, e.g. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
139
saddle joint, biaxial movement
adduction and abduction, flexion and extension, e.g. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
140
ball-and-socket joint, multiaxial movement
flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation, e.g. shoulder joints and hip joints
141
articulating bones: skull
cranial and facial bones
142
articulating bones: temporomandibular
temporal bone of skull and mandible
143
articulating bones: atlanto-occipital
occipital bone of skull and atlas
144
articulating bones: atlantoaxial
atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
145
articulating bones: intervertebral
between adjacent vertebral bodies
146
articulating bones: intervertebral (?)
between articular processes
147
articulating bones: costovertebral
vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs
148
articulating bones: sternoclavicular
sternum and clavicle
149
articulating bones: sternocostal (first)
sternum and rib 1
150
articulating bones: sternocostal
sternum and ribs 2-7
151
articulating bones: acromioclavicular
acromion of scapula and clavicle
152
articulating bones: shoulder (glenohumeral)
scapula and humerus
153
articulating bones: elbow
ulna (and radius) with humerus)
154
articulating bones: proximal radioulnar
radius and ulna
155
articulating bones: distal radioulnar
radius and ulna
156
articulating bones: wrist
radius and proximal carpals
157
articulating bones: intercarpal
adjacent carpals
158
articulating bones: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal I
159
articulating bones: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
carpal(s) and metacarpal(s)
160
articulating bones: metacarpophalangeal
metacarpal and proximal phalanx
161
articulating bones: interphalangeal
adjacent phalanges
162
articulating bones: sacroiliac
sacrum and coxal bone
163
articulating bones: pubic symphysis
pubic bones
164
articulating bones: hip
hip bone and femur
165
articulating bones: knee (tibofemoral)
femur and tibia
166
articulating bones: knee (femoropatellar)
femur and patella
167
articulating bones: superior tibiofibular
tibia and fibula (proximally)
168
articulating bones: inferior tibiofibular
tibia and fibula (distally)
169
articulating bones: ankle
tibia and fibula with talus
170
articulating bones: intertarsal
adjacent tarsals
171
articulating bones: tarsometatarsal
tarsal(s) and metatarsal(s)
172
articulating bones: metatarsophalangeal
metatarsal and proximal phalanx
173
structural type: sacroiliac
synovial in childhood; increasingly fibrous in adult
174
structural type: pubic symphysis
cartilaginous; symphysis
175
structural type: hip
synovial; ball and socket
176
structural type: knee (tibiofemoral)
synovial; modified hinge (structurally bycondylar) (contains articular discs)
177
structural type: knee (femoropatellar)
synovial; plane
178
structural type: superior tibiofibular
synovial; plane
179
structural type: inferior tibiofibular
fibrous; syndesmosis
180
structural type: ankle
synovial; hinge
181
structural type: intertarsal
synovial; plane
182
structural type: tarsometatarsal
synovial; plane
183
structural type: metatarsophalangeal
synovial; condylar
184
structural type: interphalangeal
synovial; hinge
185
structural type: acromioclavicular
synovial; plane (contains articular disc)
186
structural type: shoulder (glenohumeral)
synovial; ball-and-socket
187
structural type: elbow
synovial; hinge
188
structural type: proximal radioulnar
synovial; pivot
189
structural type: distal radioulnar
synovial; pivot (contains articular disc)
190
structural type: wrist
synovial; condylar
191
structural type: intercarpal
synovial; plane
192
structural type: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
synovial; saddle
193
structural type: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
synovial; plane
194
structural type: metacarpophalangeal
synovial; condylar
195
structural type: skull
fibrous; suture
196
structural type: temporomandibular
synovial; modified hinge (structurally bicondylar) (contains articular disc)
197
structural type: atlanto-occipital
synovial; condylar
198
structural type: atlantoaxial
synovial; pivot
199
structural type: intervertebral
cartilaginous; symphysis
200
structural type: intervertebral ?
synovial; plane
201
structural type: costovertebral
synovial; plane
202
structural type: sternoclavicular
synovial; shallow saddle (contains articular disc)
203
structural type: sternocostal (first)
cartilaginous; synchondrosis
204
structural type: sternocostal
synovial; double plane
205
functional type; movements allowed: skull
synarthrotic; no movement
206
functional type; movements allowed: temporomandibular
diarthrotic; gliding and uniaxial rotation; slight lateral movement, elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction of mandible
207
functional type; movements allowed: atlanto-occipital
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, lateral flexion, circumduction of head on neck
208
functional type; movements allowed: atlantoaxial
diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of the head
209
functional type; movements allowed: intervertebral
amphiarthrotic; slight movement
210
functional type; movements allowed: intervertebral ?
diarthrotic; gliding
211
functional type; movements allowed: costovertebral
diarthrotic; gliding of ribs
212
functional type; movements allowed: sternoclavicular
diarthrotic; multiaxial (allows clavicle to move in all axes)
213
functional type; movements allowed: sternocostal (first)
synarthrotic; no movement
214
functional type; movements allowed: sternocostal
diarthrotic; gliding
215
functional type; movements allowed: arcromioclavicular
diarthrotic; gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle
216
functional type; movements allowed: shoulder (glenohumeral)
diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus
217
functional type; movements allowed: elbow
diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of forearm
218
functional type; movements allowed: proximal radioulnar
diarthrotic; unixial; rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination
219
functional type; movements allowed: distal radioulnar
diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in ulnar notch of radius)
220
functional type; movements allowed: wrist
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of hand
221
functional type; movements allowed: intercarpal
diarthrotic; gliding
222
functional type; movements allowed: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumdection, opposition of metacarpal I
223
functional type; movements allowed: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
diarthrotic; gliding of metacarpals
224
functional type; movements allowed: metacarpophalangeal
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of fingers
225
functional type; movements allowed: interphalangeal
diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of fingers/toes
226
functional type; movements allowed: sacroiliac
diarthrotic in childhood; modified amphiarthrotic in adult (more during pregnancy)
227
functional type; movements allowed: pubic symphysis
amphiarthrotic; slight movement (enhanced during pregnancy
228
functional type; movements allowed: hip
diarthrotic; multiaxial; fleion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction of femur
229
functional type; movements allowed: knee (tibiofemoral)
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension of leg, some rotation allowed
230
functional type; movements allowed: knee (femoropatellar)
diarthrotic; gliding of patella
231
functional type; movements allowed: superior tibiofibular
diarthrotic; gliding of fibula
232
functional type; movements allowed: inferior tibiofibular
"synarthrotic; slight ""give"" during dorsiflexion of foot"
233
functional type; movements allowed: ankle
diarthrotic; uniaxial; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
234
functional type; movements allowed: intertarsal
diarthrotic; gliding; inversion and eversion of foot
235
functional type; movements allowed: tarsometatarsal
diarthrotic; gliding of metatarsals
236
functional type; movements allowed: metatarsophalangeal
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of great toe
237
frontal bone parts
superciliary arches, supraorbital margin/superior margin of each orbit, supraorbital foramen/supraorbital notch, supraorbital nerve (a branch of cranial nerve V) and artery, glabella, frontonasal suture, frontal sinuses
238
occipital bone parts
lambdoid suture (parietal bones), occipitomastoid sutures (tempral bones), external ojjipital protuberance, external occipital crest (secures the ligamentum nuchae), superior nuchal lines, inferior nuchal lines, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, hypoglossal conal (cranial nerve XII), busilar part of the occipital bone (sphenoid bone)
239
temporal bones parts
squmous part, tympanic part, petrous part, zygomatic process, madibular fossa, external acoustic meatus, posterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, cavities of the middle and inner ear, jugular foramen, carotid canal, faramen lacerum, internal acoustic meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, stylomastoid foramen, mastoid air cells
240
shpenoid bone parts
central body, greater wings (processes), lesser wings (processes), pterygoid processes, sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa (pituitary gland/hypophysis), shpenoidal sinuses, optic canal (cranial nerve II/optic nerve), superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale (two large branches of cranial nerve V/maxiallary and mandibular nerves), foramen spinosum (meningeal artery)
241
ethmoid bone parts
cribriform plates, cribriform foramina (cranial nerve I/olfactory nerve), crista galli, falx cerebri, perpendicular plate, ethmoidal labyrinth, ethmoidal air cells/ethmoid sinuses, superior and midle nasal conchae, orbital plates
242
mandible parts
body, two upright rami, mandibular angle, anterior coronoid process (temporalis muscle), posterior condylar process, head of the mandible, temporomandibular joint, mandibular notch, alveolar process (tooth sockts/dental alveoli), mandibular symphysis, mental protuberance, mandibular foramen (nerve for tooth sensation), mental foramen
243
maxillary bones parts
alveolar process, palatine processes, hard palate, frontal processes (bridge of the nose), maxillary sinuses, sygomatic processes (zygomatic bones), inferior orbital fissure (maxillary nerve), infraorbital foramen
244
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.
What does the Integumentary System do?
245
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
What does the Skeletal System do?
246
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
What does the Muscular System do?
247
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
What does the Nervous System do?
248
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
What does the Endocrine System do?
249
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
What does the Cardiovascular System do?
250
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
What does the Lymphatic System/Immunity do?
251
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dixbide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
What does the Respiratory System do?
252
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distrbution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
What does the Digestive System do?
253
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
What does the Urinary System do?
254
Overall function is production of ofspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
What does the Male Reproductive System do?
255
Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
What does the Female Reproductive System do?
256
hair; skin; nails
Name parts of the Integumentary System
257
bones; joints
Name parts of the Skeletal System
258
skeletal muscles
Name parts of the Muscular System
259
brain; spinal cord; nerves
Name parts of the Nervous System
260
pineal gland; pituitary gland; thyroid gland; thymus; adrenal gland; pancreas; ovary; testis
Name parts of the Endocrine System
261
heart; blood vessels
Name parts of the Cardiovascular System
262
red bone marrow; thymus; lymphatic vessels; thoracic duct; spleen; lymph nodes
Name parts of the Lymphatic System/Immunity
263
nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx; trachea; lung; bronchus
Name parts of the Respiratory System
264
oral cavity; esophagus; liver; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anus
Name parts of the Digestive System
265
kidney; ureter; urinary bladder; urethra
Name parts of the Urinary System
266
prostate gland; ductus deferens; testis; scrotum; penis
Name parts of the Male Reproductive System
267
mammary glands (in breasts); ovary; uterus; uterine tube; vagina
Name parts of the Female Reproductive System
268
dorsal and ventral cavities
two main body cavities
269
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
dorsal body cavity subdivisions
270
[superior] thoracic cavity, [inferior] abdominopelvic cavity
ventral body cavity subdivisions
271
two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity, and a central band of organs called the mediastinum, containing the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity and other major thoracic organs
thoracic cavity parts
272
[superior] abdominal cavity constains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs; [inferior] pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum; many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity
abdominopelvic cavity parts
273
membrane made of a double layer of lipids (phosopholipids, cholesterol, etc.) embedded with proteins; externally facing proteins and some lipids have attached sugar groups
plasma membrane
274
cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigment granules), and organelles, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm
cytoplasm
275
dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER
ribosomes
276
membrane system of sacs and tubules externally studded with ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
277
membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
278
a stack of smooth membane sacs close to the nucleus
golgi apparatus
279
membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases
lysosomes
280
rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae
mitochondria
281
membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
peroxisomes
282
fine filaments of the contractile protein actin
microfilaments
283
protein fibers; composition varies
intermediate filaments
284
cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins
microtubles
285
paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubles
centrioles
286
surrounded by the nuclear envelope; contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin
nucleus
287
double-membrane struture; pierced by the pores; continuous with the cytoplasmic ER
nuclear envelope
288
dense spherical (non-membrane-bounded) bodies
nucleoli
289
granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins
chromatin
290
single layer of flattened cells with dis-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae
epithelium: simple squamous
291
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
kidney tubles; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
kidney tubles; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
epithelium: simple cuboidal
292
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallblader, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronch, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallblader, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronch, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
epithelium: simple columnar
293
"single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
ciliated variety lines the tracha and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males' sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands"
ciliated variety lines the tracha and most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated type in males' sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands"
epithelium: pseudostratified columnar
294
thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, nd vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium
nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, nd vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium
epithelium: stratified squamous
295
generally two layers of cubelike cells
largest gducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
largest gducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
epithelium: stratified cuboidal epithelium
296
several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar
rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
epithelium: stratified columnar epithelium
297
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch
lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
epithelium: transitional
298
embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells
primarily in embryo
primarily in embryo
connective tissue, umbryonic, mesenchyme
299
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
connective tissue, proper, loose, areolar
300
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet
under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
connective tissue, proper, loose, adipose
301
loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the fibers
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
connective tissue, proper, loose, reticular
302
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the maor cell type; defense cells and fat cells also present
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucose of digestive tract
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucose of digestive tract
connective tissue, proper, dense, irregular
303
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the biroblast
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
connective tissue, proper, dense, regular
304
dense regular conneective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
connective tissue, proper, dense, elastic
305
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chordroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
connective tissue, cartilage, hyaline
306
similar to hyaline cartilage, with amorphous but firm matrix; extensive elastic fibers in matrix
supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
connective tissue, cartilage, elastic
307
matrix similar to but less firm that that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
connective tissue, cartilage, fibrocartilage
308
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacuae; very well vascularized
bones
bones
connective tissue, bone
309
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
contained within blood vessels
contained within blood vessels
connective tissue, blood
310
long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
skeletal muscle
311
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at speciallize junctions (intercalated discs)
the walls of the heart
the walls of the heart
cardiac muscle
312
cells are spindle shaped (tapered on both ends) with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
smooth muscle
313
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are NONconducting supporting cells, called neuroglia
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
nervous tissue
314
subclasses: loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)
cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells
matrix: gel-like gorund substance, all three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic
cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells
matrix: gel-like gorund substance, all three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic
connective tissue proper
315
subclasses: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
cells: chondroblasts fonud in growing cartilage, chondrocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance, fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some
cells: chondroblasts fonud in growing cartilage, chondrocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance, fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some
cartilage
316
subclasses: compact bone, spongy bone
cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts, fibers: collagen
cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes
matrix: gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts, fibers: collagen
bone tissue
317
blood cell formation and differentiation are quite complex
cells erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets
matrix: plasma, no fibers
cells erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets
matrix: plasma, no fibers
blood (tissue)
318
forms forehead, superior part of orbits, and most of the anterior cranial fossa; contains sinuses
cranial bones: frontal
319
(2) forms most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
cranial bones: parietal
320
(1) forms posterior aspect and most of the base of the skull
cranial bones: occipital
321
(2) forms inferolateral aspects of the skull and contributes to the middle cranial fossa; has squamous, tympanic, and petrous parts
cranial bones: temporal
322
(1) keystone of the cranium; contributes to the middle cranial fossa and orbits; main parts are the body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
cranial bones: sphenoid
323
(1) small contribution to the anterior cranial fossa; forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity; contributes ot the medial wall of the orbit
cranial bones: ethmoid
324
(2) form the bridge of the nose
facial bones: nasal
325
(2) form part of the medial orbit wall
facial bones: lacrimal
326
(2) form the cheek and part of the orbit
facial bones: zygomatic
327
(2) form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
facial bones: inferior nasal concha
328
(1) the lower jaw
facial bones: mandible
329
(2) keystone bones of the face; form the upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, orbits, and nasal cavity walls
facial bones: maxilla
330
(2) form posterior part of the hard palate and a small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls
facial bones: palatine
331
(1) inferior part of the nasal septum
facial bones: vomer
332
(malleus, incus, and stapes, 2 each) found in middle ear cavity; involved in sound transmission
facial bones: auditory ossicles
333
small, wide side to side
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, cervical
334
short; forked; projects directly posteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, cervical
335
triangular
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, cervical
336
contain foramina
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, cervical
337
superior facets directed superposteriorly; inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, cervical
338
flexion and extension; lateral flexsion; rotation; the spine region with the greatest range of movement
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, cervical
339
larger than cervical; heart-shaped; superior and inferior costal facets near pedicle
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, thoracic
340
long; sharp; projects inferiorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, thoracic
341
circular
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, thoracic
342
costal facets for tubercle of rib (except T11 and T12) on anterior surfaces
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, thoracic
343
superior facets directed posteriorly; inferior facets directed anteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, thoracic
344
rotation; lateral flexion possible but restricted by ribs; flexion and extension limited
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, thoracic
345
massive; kidney-shaped
regional characteristics of vertebrae: body, lumbar
346
short; blunt; rectangular; projects directly posteriorly
regional characteristics of vertebrae: spinous process, lumbar
347
triangular
regional characteristics of vertebrae: vertebral foramen, lumbar
348
thin and tapered
regional characteristics of vertebrae: transverse processes, lumbar
349
superior facets directed posteromedially (or medially); inferior facets derected anterolaterally (or laterally)
regional characteristics of vertebrae: superior and inferior articulating processes, lumbar
350
flexion and extension; some lateral flexion; rotation prevented
regional characteristics of vertebrae: movements allowed, lumbar
351
clavicle is in superanterior thorax; articulates medially with sternum and laterally with scapula
clavicle: location
352
acromial end; sternal end; conoid tubercle
clavicle: markings
353
scapula is in posterior thorax; forms part of the shoulder; articulates with humerus and clavicle
scapula: location
354
glenoid cavity; spine; acromion; coracoid process; infraspinous, supraspinous, and subscapular fossae
scapula: markings
355
head; greater and lesser tubercles; intertubercular sulcus; radial groove; deltoid tuberosity; trochlea; caputulum; coronoid and olecranon fossae; modial and lateral epicondyles
humerus: markings
356
ulna is medial bone of forearm between elbow and wrist; forms elbow joint
ulna: location
357
coronoid process; olecranon; radial notch; trocklear notch; ulnar styloid process; head
ulna: markings
358
humerus is sole bone of arm; between scapula and elbow
humerus: location
359
radius is lateral bone of forearm; articulates with proximal carpals to form part of the wrist joint
radius: location
360
head; radial tuberosity; radial styloid process; ulnar notch
radius: markings
361
carpals form a bony crescent at the wrist; arranged in two rows of four bones each
carpals: location
362
metacarpals form the palm; one in line with each digit
metacarpals: location
363
phalanges form the fingers (or toes); three in digits II-V; two in digit I (the thumb (or the great toe))
phalanges: location
364
proximal
middle
distal
middle
distal
phalanges: names
365
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
carpals: names
366
each hip bone is formed by the fusion of an ilium, ischium, and pubis; the hip bones fuse anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and form sacroiliac joints with the sacrum posteriorly; girdle consisting of both hip bones and the sacrum is basinlike
hip: location
367
iliac crest; anterior and posterior iliac spines; auricular surface; greater and lesser sciatic notches; obturator foramen; ischial tuberosity and spine; acetabulum; pubic arch; pubic crest; pubic tubercle
hip: markings
368
femur is the sole bone of thigh; between hip joint and knee; largest bone of the body
femur: location
369
head; greater and lesser trochanters; neck; lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles; gluteal tuberosity; linea aspera
femur: markings
370
patella is a sesamoid bone formed within the tendon of the quadriceps (anterior thigh) muscles
patella: location
371
tibia is the larger and more medial bone of leg; between knee and foot
tibia: location
372
medial and lateral condyles; tibial tuberosity; anterior border; medial malleolus
tibia: markings
373
fibula is the lateral bone of leg; sticklike
fibula: location
374
head; lateral malleolus
fibula: markings
375
tarsals are seven bones forming the proximal part of the foot; the talus articulates with the leg bones at the ankle joint; the calcaneus, the largest tarsal, forms the heel
tarsals: location
376
metatarsals are five bones numbered I-V
metatarsals: location
377
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
tarsals: names
378
gliding, e.g. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
plane joint, nonaxial movement
379
flexion and extension; e.g. elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
hinge joint, uniaxial movement
380
rotation, e.g. proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
pivot joint, uniaxial movement
381
flexion and extension, adduction and abecktion, e.g. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
condylar joint, biaxial movement
382
adduction and abduction, flexion and extension, e.g. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
saddle joint, biaxial movement
383
flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation, e.g. shoulder joints and hip joints
ball-and-socket joint, multiaxial movement
384
cranial and facial bones
articulating bones: skull
385
temporal bone of skull and mandible
articulating bones: temporomandibular
386
occipital bone of skull and atlas
articulating bones: atlanto-occipital
387
atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
articulating bones: atlantoaxial
388
between adjacent vertebral bodies
articulating bones: intervertebral
389
between articular processes
articulating bones: intervertebral (?)
390
vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs
articulating bones: costovertebral
391
sternum and clavicle
articulating bones: sternoclavicular
392
sternum and rib 1
articulating bones: sternocostal (first)
393
sternum and ribs 2-7
articulating bones: sternocostal
394
acromion of scapula and clavicle
articulating bones: acromioclavicular
395
scapula and humerus
articulating bones: shoulder (glenohumeral)
396
ulna (and radius) with humerus)
articulating bones: elbow
397
radius and ulna
articulating bones: proximal radioulnar
398
radius and ulna
articulating bones: distal radioulnar
399
radius and proximal carpals
articulating bones: wrist
400
adjacent carpals
articulating bones: intercarpal
401
carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal I
articulating bones: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
402
carpal(s) and metacarpal(s)
articulating bones: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
403
metacarpal and proximal phalanx
articulating bones: metacarpophalangeal
404
adjacent phalanges
articulating bones: interphalangeal
405
sacrum and coxal bone
articulating bones: sacroiliac
406
pubic bones
articulating bones: pubic symphysis
407
hip bone and femur
articulating bones: hip
408
femur and tibia
articulating bones: knee (tibofemoral)
409
femur and patella
articulating bones: knee (femoropatellar)
410
tibia and fibula (proximally)
articulating bones: superior tibiofibular
411
tibia and fibula (distally)
articulating bones: inferior tibiofibular
412
tibia and fibula with talus
articulating bones: ankle
413
adjacent tarsals
articulating bones: intertarsal
414
tarsal(s) and metatarsal(s)
articulating bones: tarsometatarsal
415
metatarsal and proximal phalanx
articulating bones: metatarsophalangeal
416
synovial in childhood; increasingly fibrous in adult
structural type: sacroiliac
417
cartilaginous; symphysis
structural type: pubic symphysis
418
synovial; ball and socket
structural type: hip
419
synovial; modified hinge (structurally bycondylar) (contains articular discs)
structural type: knee (tibiofemoral)
420
synovial; plane
structural type: knee (femoropatellar)
421
synovial; plane
structural type: superior tibiofibular
422
fibrous; syndesmosis
structural type: inferior tibiofibular
423
synovial; hinge
structural type: ankle
424
synovial; plane
structural type: intertarsal
425
synovial; plane
structural type: tarsometatarsal
426
synovial; condylar
structural type: metatarsophalangeal
427
synovial; hinge
structural type: interphalangeal
428
synovial; plane (contains articular disc)
structural type: acromioclavicular
429
synovial; ball-and-socket
structural type: shoulder (glenohumeral)
430
synovial; hinge
structural type: elbow
431
synovial; pivot
structural type: proximal radioulnar
432
synovial; pivot (contains articular disc)
structural type: distal radioulnar
433
synovial; condylar
structural type: wrist
434
synovial; plane
structural type: intercarpal
435
synovial; saddle
structural type: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
436
synovial; plane
structural type: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
437
synovial; condylar
structural type: metacarpophalangeal
438
fibrous; suture
structural type: skull
439
synovial; modified hinge (structurally bicondylar) (contains articular disc)
structural type: temporomandibular
440
synovial; condylar
structural type: atlanto-occipital
441
synovial; pivot
structural type: atlantoaxial
442
cartilaginous; symphysis
structural type: intervertebral
443
synovial; plane
structural type: intervertebral ?
444
synovial; plane
structural type: costovertebral
445
synovial; shallow saddle (contains articular disc)
structural type: sternoclavicular
446
cartilaginous; synchondrosis
structural type: sternocostal (first)
447
synovial; double plane
structural type: sternocostal
448
synarthrotic; no movement
functional type; movements allowed: skull
449
diarthrotic; gliding and uniaxial rotation; slight lateral movement, elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction of mandible
functional type; movements allowed: temporomandibular
450
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, lateral flexion, circumduction of head on neck
functional type; movements allowed: atlanto-occipital
451
diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of the head
functional type; movements allowed: atlantoaxial
452
amphiarthrotic; slight movement
functional type; movements allowed: intervertebral
453
diarthrotic; gliding
functional type; movements allowed: intervertebral ?
454
diarthrotic; gliding of ribs
functional type; movements allowed: costovertebral
455
diarthrotic; multiaxial (allows clavicle to move in all axes)
functional type; movements allowed: sternoclavicular
456
synarthrotic; no movement
functional type; movements allowed: sternocostal (first)
457
diarthrotic; gliding
functional type; movements allowed: sternocostal
458
diarthrotic; gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle
functional type; movements allowed: arcromioclavicular
459
diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus
functional type; movements allowed: shoulder (glenohumeral)
460
diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of forearm
functional type; movements allowed: elbow
461
diarthrotic; unixial; rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination
functional type; movements allowed: proximal radioulnar
462
diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in ulnar notch of radius)
functional type; movements allowed: distal radioulnar
463
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of hand
functional type; movements allowed: wrist
464
diarthrotic; gliding
functional type; movements allowed: intercarpal
465
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumdection, opposition of metacarpal I
functional type; movements allowed: carpometacarpal of digit I (thumb)
466
diarthrotic; gliding of metacarpals
functional type; movements allowed: carpometacarpal of digits II-V
467
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of fingers
functional type; movements allowed: metacarpophalangeal
468
diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of fingers/toes
functional type; movements allowed: interphalangeal
469
diarthrotic in childhood; modified amphiarthrotic in adult (more during pregnancy)
functional type; movements allowed: sacroiliac
470
amphiarthrotic; slight movement (enhanced during pregnancy
functional type; movements allowed: pubic symphysis
471
diarthrotic; multiaxial; fleion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction of femur
functional type; movements allowed: hip
472
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension of leg, some rotation allowed
functional type; movements allowed: knee (tibiofemoral)
473
diarthrotic; gliding of patella
functional type; movements allowed: knee (femoropatellar)
474
diarthrotic; gliding of fibula
functional type; movements allowed: superior tibiofibular
475
"synarthrotic; slight ""give"" during dorsiflexion of foot"
functional type; movements allowed: inferior tibiofibular
476
diarthrotic; uniaxial; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
functional type; movements allowed: ankle
477
diarthrotic; gliding; inversion and eversion of foot
functional type; movements allowed: intertarsal
478
diarthrotic; gliding of metatarsals
functional type; movements allowed: tarsometatarsal
479
diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of great toe
functional type; movements allowed: metatarsophalangeal
480
superciliary arches, supraorbital margin/superior margin of each orbit, supraorbital foramen/supraorbital notch, supraorbital nerve (a branch of cranial nerve V) and artery, glabella, frontonasal suture, frontal sinuses
frontal bone parts
481
lambdoid suture (parietal bones), occipitomastoid sutures (tempral bones), external ojjipital protuberance, external occipital crest (secures the ligamentum nuchae), superior nuchal lines, inferior nuchal lines, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, hypoglossal conal (cranial nerve XII), busilar part of the occipital bone (sphenoid bone)
occipital bone parts
482
squmous part, tympanic part, petrous part, zygomatic process, madibular fossa, external acoustic meatus, posterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, cavities of the middle and inner ear, jugular foramen, carotid canal, faramen lacerum, internal acoustic meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, stylomastoid foramen, mastoid air cells
temporal bones parts
483
central body, greater wings (processes), lesser wings (processes), pterygoid processes, sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa (pituitary gland/hypophysis), shpenoidal sinuses, optic canal (cranial nerve II/optic nerve), superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale (two large branches of cranial nerve V/maxiallary and mandibular nerves), foramen spinosum (meningeal artery)
shpenoid bone parts
484
cribriform plates, cribriform foramina (cranial nerve I/olfactory nerve), crista galli, falx cerebri, perpendicular plate, ethmoidal labyrinth, ethmoidal air cells/ethmoid sinuses, superior and midle nasal conchae, orbital plates
ethmoid bone parts
485
body, two upright rami, mandibular angle, anterior coronoid process (temporalis muscle), posterior condylar process, head of the mandible, temporomandibular joint, mandibular notch, alveolar process (tooth sockts/dental alveoli), mandibular symphysis, mental protuberance, mandibular foramen (nerve for tooth sensation), mental foramen
mandible parts
486
alveolar process, palatine processes, hard palate, frontal processes (bridge of the nose), maxillary sinuses, sygomatic processes (zygomatic bones), inferior orbital fissure (maxillary nerve), infraorbital foramen
maxillary bones parts
