Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch13 Flashcards
1
Q
rostrally
A
”"”toward the snout””, (unique to the CNS), higher or more anterior regions of the brain”
2
Q
caudally
A
”"”toward the tail””, (unique to CNS), inferior or more posterior parts of the CNS”
3
Q
brain stem
A
consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
4
Q
ventricles
A
”"”little bellies””, central cavity of the neural tube enlarges in certain regions to form the hollow _”
5
Q
lateral ventricles
A
“(once called the first and second ventricles), lie in the cerebral hemispheres. anteriorly, the two lateral ventricles lie close together, separated by only a thin median membrane called the septum pellucidum (““transparent wall””)”
6
Q
third ventricle
A
lies in the diencephalon. anteriorly, it connects to each lateral ventricle through an interventricular foramen
7
Q
cerebral aqueduct
A
thin tubelike central cavity in the midbrain which connects the third and fourth ventricles
8
Q
fourth ventricle
A
lies in the brain stem, dorsal to the pons and the superior half of the medulla oblongata. three openings occur in the walls: the paired lateral apertures and the median aperture in its roof. these holes connect the ventricles with the subarachnoid space, which surrounds the whole CNS. this connection allows cerebrospinal fluid to fill both the ventricles and the subarachnoid space. the _ connects caudally to the central canal of the inferior medulla and spinal cord
9
Q
brain nuclei
A
gray matter in the form of clusters of neuron cell bodies
10
Q
fiber tracts or tracts
A
pathways in the white matter in the brain allowing for interconnection and rapid processing between areas of the CNS
11
Q
pyramids
A
two longitudinal ridges that flank the ventral midline of the medulla
12
Q
decussation of the pyramids
A
”"”a crossing””, in the caudal part of the medulla, 70-90% of the pyramidal fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain, resulting in each cerebral hemipshere controlling the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body”
13
Q
olive
A
enlargement just lateral to each pyramid
14
Q
inferior olivary nucleus
A
a large wavy fold of gray matter veiwable in cross section, a relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebellum, especially for proprioceptive information ascending from the spinal cord
15
Q
relay nuclei
A
(such as the inferior olivary nucleus) process and edit information before sending it along
16
Q
inferior cerebellar peduncles
A
fiber tracts that connect the medulla to the cerebellum dorsally
17
Q
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
A
ascending fibers carrying general sensation from the discriminative sense (touch, pressure, limb/joint position) from the skin and proprioceptors synapse in these medullary nuclei along their pathway to the cerebrum
18
Q
reticular formation
A
loose cluster of brain nuclei running through the core of the brain stem
19
Q
pontine nuclei
A
relay brain nuclei in a path that connects a portion of the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum (via pons)
20
Q
middle cerebellar peduncles
A
pontine nuclei send axons to the cerebellum in the thick _
21
Q
tectum
A
”"”roof””, central cavity of the midbrain is the cerebral aqueduct, which divides the midbrain into a _ dorsally and paired cerebral peduncles ventrally”
22
Q
cerebral peduncles
A
o nthe ventral surface of the brain form vertical pillars, contain the pyramidal motor tracts descending from the cerebrum toward the spinal cord
23
Q
crus cerebri
A
”(““leg of the cerebrum””), ventral part of each cerebral peduncle that contains the pyramidal motor tracts”
24
Q
superior cerebellar peduncles
A
located dorsally, contain fiber tracts that connect the midbrain to the cerebellum
25
substantia nigra
deep to the pyramidal tracts in the cerebral peduncle, functionally linked to the deep gray matter of the cerebrum, the basal nuclei, and is involved in controlling voluntary movement
26
red nucleus
lies deep to the substantia nigra, minor motor function: helping to bring about flexion movements of the limbs; closely associated with the cerebellum
27
periaqueductal gray matter
gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct and containing the oculomoter (cranial nerve III) and the trochelear (cranial nerve IV) nuclei
28
corpora quadrigemina
"""quadruplets"", brain nuclei which make up the tectum and integrate the auditory and visual reflexes"
29
superior colliculi
"""little hills"", act in visual reflexes, form bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain"
30
inferior colliculi
act in reflexive responses to sounds, form bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
31
vermis
medially connects the two expanded cerebellar hemispheres
32
folia
the surface of the cerebellum is folded into many platelike ridges called _
33
fissures
deep grooves that separate the folia
34
arbor vitae
internal white matter (middle of three regions of the cerebellum)
35
deep cerebellar nuclei
deeply situated gray matter (deep of three regions of the cerebellum)
36
thalamus
"(""inner room""), paired structure that makes up 80% of the diencephalon and forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle"
37
interthalamic adhesion
(intermediate mass), small midline connection that usually joins the right and left parts of the thalamus
38
hypothalamus
"""below the thalamus"", inferior portion of the diencephalon, forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle"
39
optic chiasma
point of crossover of cranial nerves II, the optic nerves), (on one side of the hypothalamus)
40
mammillary bodies
"""little breast"", rounded bumps that bulge from the hypothalamic floor, anterior to the hypothalamus"
41
epithalamus
third and most dorsal part of the diencephalon, forms part of the roof of the third ventricle, consists of one tiny group of brain nuclei and a small unpaired knob called the pineal gland
42
pineal gland
derives from ependymal glial cells, hormone-secreting organ, secretes melatonin
43
melatonin
hormone that signals the body to prepare for the nighttime stage of the sleep-wake cycle
44
transverse cerebral fissure
spearaptes the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum inferiorly
45
logitudinal fissure
separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres from each other
46
sulci
(sulcus=furrow), shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
47
gyri
(gyrus=twister), twisted ridges of brain tissue between the sulci
48
frontal lobe
located deep to the frontal bone and fills the anterior cranial fossa, contains functional areas that plan, initiate, and enact motor movement including eye movement and speech production, the most anterior region performs higher-order cognitive functions, such as thinking, planning, decision making, working memory, and other executive functions
49
central sulcus
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
50
precentral gyrus
contains the primary motor cortex, lies just anterior to the central sulcus
51
parietal lobe
deep to the parietal bones, processes sensory stimula allowing 1) conscious awareness of general somatic sensation, 2) spacial awareness of objects, sounds, and body parts, and 3) understanding of speech
52
parieto-occipital sulcus
marks the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe
53
lateral sulcus
forms the inferior boundary of the parietal lobe, separates the temporal lobe from the overlying parietal and frontal lobes
54
postcentral gyrus
just posterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary somatosensory cortex
55
occipital lobe
lies deep to the occipital bone and forms the most posterior portion of the cerebrum; contains the visual cortex
56
temporal lobe
lateral side of the hemisphere, lies in the middle cranial fossa deep to the temporal bone, contains the auditory cortex and the olfactory cortex and functions in the crecognition of objects, words, and faces, in language comprehension, and in emotional response and memory
57
insula
"""island"", buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor, covered by parts of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, contains the visceral sensory cortex for taste and general visceral sensations"
58
primary sensory cortex
sensory area for each of the major senses
59
sensory association areas
each primary sensory cortex has association areas linked to it that process the sensory information
60
multimodal asseciation areas
association areas that receive and integrate input from multiple regions of the cerebral cortex
61
motor areas
regions of the cortex that plan and initiate voluntary motor functions
62
primary somatosensory cortex
receives information from the geeral somatic senses (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature from the skin and proprieception from the muscles and joints) and enables conscious awareness of these sensations
63
sensory homunculus
"""little man"", map of the primary sensory cortex"
64
contralateral projection
the right cerebral hemisphere receives its sensory input from the left side of the body and the left cerebral hemisphere receives its sensory input from the right side of the body
65
somatosensory association cortex
lies posterior to and communicates with the primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory inputs (touch, pressure, and others) into a comprehensive understand of what is being felt
66
primary visual cortex
"posterior and medial part of the occipital lobe, much of it buried within the deep carcarine sulcus (""spur-shaped""), receives visual information that originates from the retina of the eye, exhibits contralateral projection"
67
visual association area
surrounds that primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe, continues the processing of visual information by analyzing color, form, and movement
68
primary auditotry cortex
functions in censcious awareness of sound, in relation to loudness, rhythm, and pitch, located on teh superior edge of the temporal lobe, primarily inside the lateral sulcus
69
auditory association area
lies just posterior and lateral to the primary auditory area, permits the evaluation of a sound
70
vestibular (equilibrium) cortex
responsible for conscious awareness of the sense of balance, specifically the awareness of the position of the head in space, located in the posterior part of the insula deep to the lateral sulcus
71
gustatory cortex
lies in the insula, involved in the conscious awareness of taste stimuli
72
olfactory cortex
lies on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe in a small region called the piriform cortex, which is dominated by the hooklike uncus, results in conscious awareness of smells
73
rhinencephalon
"""nose brain"", includes all parts of the cerebrum that directly receive olfactory signals: the piriform cortex, the olfactory tract, the olfactory bulb, and some nearby structures"
74
visceral sensory area
located deep within the lateral sulcus on the insula, receives general sensory inut (pain, pressure, hunger, and so forth) from the thoracic and abdominal organs
75
primary motor cortex
located along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe just anterior to the primary sensory cortex, bring about precise voluntary movements of the body, especially of the forearms, fingers, and facial muscles, the projection is contralateral
76
pyramidal cells
large neurons in the primary motor cortex
77
pyramidal tracts
long axons of pyramidal cells that descend through the brain stem and spinal cord
78
motor homunculus
represents the human body spatially in the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere
79
premotor cortex
plans and coordinates complex movements and relays the plan to the primary motor cortex for implementation, just anterior to the precentral gyrus
80
frontal eye field
lies anterior to the premotor cortex, controls voluntary movements of the eyes
81
"Broca's area"
lies anterior to the inferior part of the premotor cortex in the left, or language-dominant, cerebral hemisphere, controls the motor movements necessary for speaking
82
multimodal association areas
large regions of the cerbral cortex that receive sensory input from multiple sensory modalities and from the sensory association areas, ties together various kinds of sensory information and associates new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences and plans appropriate motor responses
83
posterior association area
located at the interface of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association areas in the parietal and temporal lobes, integrates all these types of sensory information to form a unified perception of the sensory input
84
dorsal stream
"extends through the posterior parietal cortex to the postcentral gyrus and perceives spatial relationships among various objects (""where"" pathway)"
85
ventral stream
"extends through the inferior part of the temporal lobe and is responsible for recognizing objects, words during reading, and faces (""what"" pathway)"
86
anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
large anterior region of the frontal lobe, receives highly processed sensory information from the posterior association area, integrates this information with past experience through connection with the limbic asseciation area, and plans and initiates motor responses through linkage with the motor regions
87
limbic association area
located on the medial side of the cerbral hemispheres in portions of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes and includes the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus, and parahipocampal gurus; involved in both memory and emotion, integrates sensory and motor behavior with past experience, helps form memory, and uses this past experience to influence future motor response
88
commissural fibers
cross from one side of the CNS to the other, e.g. connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres allowing the two hemispheres to function together as a coordinated whole
89
corpus callosum
"""thickened body"", largest commissure, a broad band that lies superior to the lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal fissure"
90
association fibers
connect different parts of the same hemisphere
91
projection fibers
either descend from the cerebral cortex to more caudal parts of the CNS or ascend to the cortex from lower regions, fibers run vertically
92
internal capsule
projection fibers form a compact bundle deep to the cerebral white matter which passes between the thalamus and some of the deep gray matter, the basal nuclei
93
corona radiata
"""radiating crown"", superior to the internal capsule, the projection fibers running to and from the cerebral cortex fan out"
94
basal nuclei
complex neural calculators that cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movements
95
basal forebrain nuclei
septal nuclei, diagonal band (of Broca), horizontal band (of Broca), basal nucleus (of Meynert); functions related to arousal, learning, memory, and motor control
96
fornix
"""arch"", with other fiber tracts, link the limbic system together"
97
cingulate gyrus
"""belt-shaped"", part of the cerebral cortex located superior to the corpus callosum, mediates the emotional response to stimuli"
98
hippocampal formation
"consists of the hippocampus (""sea horse"") and the parahyppocampal gyrus, endcode, consolidate, and later retrive memories of facts and events"
99
amygdaloid body
subjortical gray matter that contains the key brain nuclei for processing fear and stimulating the appropriate sympathetic response to fear, forms memories of experiences based entirely on their emotional impact
100
reticular activating system (RAS)
arm of the reticular formation which maintains consciousness and alertness, located mainly in the medial nuclear group of the pons and medulla in the brain stem
101
meninges
three connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the brain and spinal cord
102
periosteal layer
more superficial layer of the dura mater, attaches to the internal surface of the skull bones (it is the periosteum)
103
meningeal layer
deeper layer of the dura mater, forms the true external covering of the brain
104
falx cerebri
(falx=sickle), vertical sheet lies in the median plane in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres, attaches anteriorly to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone
105
falx cerebelli
continuing inferiorly from the posterior part of the falx cerebri, the _ is a vertiacal partition that runs along the vermis of the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa
106
tentorium cerebelli
"""tentorium=tent"", almost horizontal sheet lies in the transvese fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum, transverse sinus is enclosed by the _"
107
arachnoid mater
lies just deep to the dura mater
108
subdural space
between the arachnoid matera nd the dura mater is a thin potential space which contains only a film of fluid
109
subarachnoid space
spanned by weblike threads that hold the arachnoid mater to the underlying pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the largest blood vessels that supply the brain
110
arachnoid granulations
aka arachnoid villi, project superiorly through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus and into some other dural sinuses as well, act as valves that allow cerebrospinal fluid to pass from the subarachnoid space into teh dural venous sinuses
111
pia mater
"""gentle mother"", layer of delicate connective tissue richly vascularized with fine blood vessels, clings tightly to the brain surface following every convolution"
112
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
watery broth that fills the subarachnoid space and the central hollow cavities of the brain and spinal cord, aids in protecting and nourishing the neural tissue
113
choroid plexuses
capillary-rich membranes located in the roofs of the four brain ventricles that make CSF
114
blood brain barrier
results primarily from special features of the epithelium that make up the walls of the brain capillaries, prevent bloodborne toxins (e.g. urea, mild toxins from food, and bacterial toxins) from entering brain tissue
115
conus medullaris
"""cone of the spinal cord"", spinal cord tapers at its inferior end into the _"
116
filum terminale
"""end filament"", a long filament of cennective tissue that extends from the conus medullaris and attaches to the coccyx inferiorly, anchoring the spinal cord in place so that it is not jostled by body movements"
117
cervical and lumbar enlargements
obvious enlagements of the spinal cord in the cervical and lumbar regions where the nerves to the upper and lower limbs arise
118
cauda equina
"""horse's tail"", collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal"
119
spinal cord segment
the region of the spinal cord from which the axonal processes that form a given spinal nerve emerge
120
dorsal (posterior) mediansulcus and ventral (anterior) median fissure
two grooves that run the length of the cord and partly divide it into right and left halves
121
ascending fibers
most of the _ in the spinal cord carry sensory information from the sensory neurons of the body up to the brain
122
descending fibers
"most _ carry motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord, to stimulate contraction of the body's muscles and secretion from its glands"
123
commisural fibers
white-matter fibers that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to the other
124
gray commissure
crossbar of the H, composed of unmyeliated axons that cross from one side of the cNS to the other
125
central canal (CNS)
narrow central cavity of the spinal cord within the gray cimmissure
126
dorsal (posterior) horns
two posterior arms of the H
127
ventral (anterior) horns
two anterior arms of the H
128
lateral horns
small lateral gray matter columns in the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord
129
spinal dural sheath
"tough dura matter corresponding to the meningeal layer of the brain's dura mater"
130
epidural space
just external to the spinal dura, filled with cusioning fat and a network of veins
131
denticulate ligaments
"""toothed"", lateral extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater throughout the length of the cord"
132
ascending pathways
pathways that carry information to more rostral regions of the CNS
133
descending pathways
pathways that carry information to more caudal regions of the CNS
134
spinal tracts
segments of these pathways that travel through the spinal cord are called ascending and descending _
135
ascending tracts
carry sensory information to the brain
136
descending tracts
carry motor instructions to the effectors of the body
137
spinocerebellar pathway
arises from second-order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and terminates on the cerebellum, carries information on proprioception from the lower limbs and trunk to the cerebellum
138
dorsal column pathway
carries information on fine touch, pressure, and conscious aspects of proprioception
139
discriminative senses
senses that can be localized very precisely on the body surface
140
fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus
"""slender bundle"" (medial) or ""wedge-shaped bundle"" (lateral); the axons of first-order neurons, the sensory neurons, enter the spinal cord and send an axonal branch up one of the dorsal white column tracts, either _; these axons ascend in the spinal tract to the medulla oblongata"
141
nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus
in the medulla oblongata, these axons (first-order neurons in the dorsal column pathway) synapse with second-order neurons in the _.
142
medial lemniscus tract
"""ribbon"", axons from the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus form a tract called the _ which decussates in the medulla and then ascends through the pons and midbrain to the thalamus"
143
spinothalamic pathway
carries information on pain, temperature, deep pressure, and nondiscriminative touch--stimuli we are aware of but cannot localize precisely on the body surface
144
corticospinal tracts
aka pyramidal tracts, control precise and skilled voluntary movements
145
paraplegia
lower limbs are affected but not the upper limbs, if the damage occurs between the T1 and L2 segments of the spinal cord
146
tetraplegia
(plegia=a blow), all four limbs are affected if the damage is in the cervical region of the spinal cord
147
ischemia
"""to hold back blood"", deprivation of blood to a tissue"
148
cerebrovascular accidents
aka strokes, most common disorders of the nervous system, occurs when either blockage or interruption of the flow of blood to a brain area causes brain tissue to die from lack of oxygen
149
neural plasticity
regenerative process by which the damaged CNS rewires itself
150
"Alzheimer's disease"
a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration), wide variety of mental defects including loss of memory (particularly for recent events), shortened attention span, depression, and disorientation
151
neural tube defects
result from a delay in the closure of the neural tube
152
anencephaly
"""without a brain"", caused by the failure of the rostral part of the tube to close and form a complete brain"
153
spina bifida
"""forked spine""' encompasses a variety of neural tube defects that result from either a failure of the caudal portion of the neural tube to close or the incomplete formation of the bony vertebral arches (absence of vertebral laminae)"
154
spina bifida cystica
"most common variety, the meninges around the spinal cord are exanded into a baglike cyst called a meningocele that protrudes dorsally from the infant's spine"
155
myelomeningocele
"""spinal cord in a sac of meninges"", if the spinal cord moves into the dorsal part of the cyst (meningocele)"
156
cerebral palsy
lifelong congential CNS disorder in which the voluntary muscles are either poorly controlled or paralyzed, results from damage either to the cerebral cortex or, less often, to the cerebellum or basal nuclei
157
"""toward the snout"", (unique to the CNS), higher or more anterior regions of the brain"
rostrally
158
"""toward the tail"", (unique to CNS), inferior or more posterior parts of the CNS"
caudally
159
consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
brain stem
160
"""little bellies"", central cavity of the neural tube enlarges in certain regions to form the hollow _"
ventricles
161
"(once called the first and second ventricles), lie in the cerebral hemispheres. anteriorly, the two lateral ventricles lie close together, separated by only a thin median membrane called the septum pellucidum (""transparent wall"")"
lateral ventricles
162
lies in the diencephalon. anteriorly, it connects to each lateral ventricle through an interventricular foramen
third ventricle
163
thin tubelike central cavity in the midbrain which connects the third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
164
lies in the brain stem, dorsal to the pons and the superior half of the medulla oblongata. three openings occur in the walls: the paired lateral apertures and the median aperture in its roof. these holes connect the ventricles with the subarachnoid space, which surrounds the whole CNS. this connection allows cerebrospinal fluid to fill both the ventricles and the subarachnoid space. the _ connects caudally to the central canal of the inferior medulla and spinal cord
fourth ventricle
165
gray matter in the form of clusters of neuron cell bodies
brain nuclei
166
pathways in the white matter in the brain allowing for interconnection and rapid processing between areas of the CNS
fiber tracts or tracts
167
two longitudinal ridges that flank the ventral midline of the medulla
pyramids
168
"""a crossing"", in the caudal part of the medulla, 70-90% of the pyramidal fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain, resulting in each cerebral hemipshere controlling the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body"
decussation of the pyramids
169
enlargement just lateral to each pyramid
olive
170
a large wavy fold of gray matter veiwable in cross section, a relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebellum, especially for proprioceptive information ascending from the spinal cord
inferior olivary nucleus
171
(such as the inferior olivary nucleus) process and edit information before sending it along
relay nuclei
172
fiber tracts that connect the medulla to the cerebellum dorsally
inferior cerebellar peduncles
173
ascending fibers carrying general sensation from the discriminative sense (touch, pressure, limb/joint position) from the skin and proprioceptors synapse in these medullary nuclei along their pathway to the cerebrum
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
174
loose cluster of brain nuclei running through the core of the brain stem
reticular formation
175
relay brain nuclei in a path that connects a portion of the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum (via pons)
pontine nuclei
176
pontine nuclei send axons to the cerebellum in the thick _
middle cerebellar peduncles
177
"""roof"", central cavity of the midbrain is the cerebral aqueduct, which divides the midbrain into a _ dorsally and paired cerebral peduncles ventrally"
tectum
178
o nthe ventral surface of the brain form vertical pillars, contain the pyramidal motor tracts descending from the cerebrum toward the spinal cord
cerebral peduncles
179
"(""leg of the cerebrum""), ventral part of each cerebral peduncle that contains the pyramidal motor tracts"
crus cerebri
180
located dorsally, contain fiber tracts that connect the midbrain to the cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncles
181
deep to the pyramidal tracts in the cerebral peduncle, functionally linked to the deep gray matter of the cerebrum, the basal nuclei, and is involved in controlling voluntary movement
substantia nigra
182
lies deep to the substantia nigra, minor motor function: helping to bring about flexion movements of the limbs; closely associated with the cerebellum
red nucleus
183
gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct and containing the oculomoter (cranial nerve III) and the trochelear (cranial nerve IV) nuclei
periaqueductal gray matter
184
"""quadruplets"", brain nuclei which make up the tectum and integrate the auditory and visual reflexes"
corpora quadrigemina
185
"""little hills"", act in visual reflexes, form bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain"
superior colliculi
186
act in reflexive responses to sounds, form bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
inferior colliculi
187
medially connects the two expanded cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
188
the surface of the cerebellum is folded into many platelike ridges called _
folia
189
deep grooves that separate the folia
fissures
190
internal white matter (middle of three regions of the cerebellum)
arbor vitae
191
deeply situated gray matter (deep of three regions of the cerebellum)
deep cerebellar nuclei
192
"(""inner room""), paired structure that makes up 80% of the diencephalon and forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle"
thalamus
193
(intermediate mass), small midline connection that usually joins the right and left parts of the thalamus
interthalamic adhesion
194
"""below the thalamus"", inferior portion of the diencephalon, forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle"
hypothalamus
195
point of crossover of cranial nerves II, the optic nerves), (on one side of the hypothalamus)
optic chiasma
196
"""little breast"", rounded bumps that bulge from the hypothalamic floor, anterior to the hypothalamus"
mammillary bodies
197
third and most dorsal part of the diencephalon, forms part of the roof of the third ventricle, consists of one tiny group of brain nuclei and a small unpaired knob called the pineal gland
epithalamus
198
derives from ependymal glial cells, hormone-secreting organ, secretes melatonin
pineal gland
199
hormone that signals the body to prepare for the nighttime stage of the sleep-wake cycle
melatonin
200
spearaptes the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum inferiorly
transverse cerebral fissure
201
separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres from each other
logitudinal fissure
202
(sulcus=furrow), shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
sulci
203
(gyrus=twister), twisted ridges of brain tissue between the sulci
gyri
204
located deep to the frontal bone and fills the anterior cranial fossa, contains functional areas that plan, initiate, and enact motor movement including eye movement and speech production, the most anterior region performs higher-order cognitive functions, such as thinking, planning, decision making, working memory, and other executive functions
frontal lobe
205
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
206
contains the primary motor cortex, lies just anterior to the central sulcus
precentral gyrus
207
deep to the parietal bones, processes sensory stimula allowing 1) conscious awareness of general somatic sensation, 2) spacial awareness of objects, sounds, and body parts, and 3) understanding of speech
parietal lobe
208
marks the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
209
forms the inferior boundary of the parietal lobe, separates the temporal lobe from the overlying parietal and frontal lobes
lateral sulcus
210
just posterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
211
lies deep to the occipital bone and forms the most posterior portion of the cerebrum; contains the visual cortex
occipital lobe
212
lateral side of the hemisphere, lies in the middle cranial fossa deep to the temporal bone, contains the auditory cortex and the olfactory cortex and functions in the crecognition of objects, words, and faces, in language comprehension, and in emotional response and memory
temporal lobe
213
"""island"", buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor, covered by parts of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, contains the visceral sensory cortex for taste and general visceral sensations"
insula
214
sensory area for each of the major senses
primary sensory cortex
215
each primary sensory cortex has association areas linked to it that process the sensory information
sensory association areas
216
association areas that receive and integrate input from multiple regions of the cerebral cortex
multimodal asseciation areas
217
regions of the cortex that plan and initiate voluntary motor functions
motor areas
218
receives information from the geeral somatic senses (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature from the skin and proprieception from the muscles and joints) and enables conscious awareness of these sensations
primary somatosensory cortex
219
"""little man"", map of the primary sensory cortex"
sensory homunculus
220
the right cerebral hemisphere receives its sensory input from the left side of the body and the left cerebral hemisphere receives its sensory input from the right side of the body
contralateral projection
221
lies posterior to and communicates with the primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory inputs (touch, pressure, and others) into a comprehensive understand of what is being felt
somatosensory association cortex
222
"posterior and medial part of the occipital lobe, much of it buried within the deep carcarine sulcus (""spur-shaped""), receives visual information that originates from the retina of the eye, exhibits contralateral projection"
primary visual cortex
223
surrounds that primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe, continues the processing of visual information by analyzing color, form, and movement
visual association area
224
functions in censcious awareness of sound, in relation to loudness, rhythm, and pitch, located on teh superior edge of the temporal lobe, primarily inside the lateral sulcus
primary auditotry cortex
225
lies just posterior and lateral to the primary auditory area, permits the evaluation of a sound
auditory association area
226
responsible for conscious awareness of the sense of balance, specifically the awareness of the position of the head in space, located in the posterior part of the insula deep to the lateral sulcus
vestibular (equilibrium) cortex
227
lies in the insula, involved in the conscious awareness of taste stimuli
gustatory cortex
228
lies on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe in a small region called the piriform cortex, which is dominated by the hooklike uncus, results in conscious awareness of smells
olfactory cortex
229
"""nose brain"", includes all parts of the cerebrum that directly receive olfactory signals: the piriform cortex, the olfactory tract, the olfactory bulb, and some nearby structures"
rhinencephalon
230
located deep within the lateral sulcus on the insula, receives general sensory inut (pain, pressure, hunger, and so forth) from the thoracic and abdominal organs
visceral sensory area
231
located along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe just anterior to the primary sensory cortex, bring about precise voluntary movements of the body, especially of the forearms, fingers, and facial muscles, the projection is contralateral
primary motor cortex
232
large neurons in the primary motor cortex
pyramidal cells
233
long axons of pyramidal cells that descend through the brain stem and spinal cord
pyramidal tracts
234
represents the human body spatially in the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere
motor homunculus
235
plans and coordinates complex movements and relays the plan to the primary motor cortex for implementation, just anterior to the precentral gyrus
premotor cortex
236
lies anterior to the premotor cortex, controls voluntary movements of the eyes
frontal eye field
237
lies anterior to the inferior part of the premotor cortex in the left, or language-dominant, cerebral hemisphere, controls the motor movements necessary for speaking
"Broca's area"
238
large regions of the cerbral cortex that receive sensory input from multiple sensory modalities and from the sensory association areas, ties together various kinds of sensory information and associates new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences and plans appropriate motor responses
multimodal association areas
239
located at the interface of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association areas in the parietal and temporal lobes, integrates all these types of sensory information to form a unified perception of the sensory input
posterior association area
240
"extends through the posterior parietal cortex to the postcentral gyrus and perceives spatial relationships among various objects (""where"" pathway)"
dorsal stream
241
"extends through the inferior part of the temporal lobe and is responsible for recognizing objects, words during reading, and faces (""what"" pathway)"
ventral stream
242
large anterior region of the frontal lobe, receives highly processed sensory information from the posterior association area, integrates this information with past experience through connection with the limbic asseciation area, and plans and initiates motor responses through linkage with the motor regions
anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
243
located on the medial side of the cerbral hemispheres in portions of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes and includes the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus, and parahipocampal gurus; involved in both memory and emotion, integrates sensory and motor behavior with past experience, helps form memory, and uses this past experience to influence future motor response
limbic association area
244
cross from one side of the CNS to the other, e.g. connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres allowing the two hemispheres to function together as a coordinated whole
commissural fibers
245
"""thickened body"", largest commissure, a broad band that lies superior to the lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal fissure"
corpus callosum
246
connect different parts of the same hemisphere
association fibers
247
either descend from the cerebral cortex to more caudal parts of the CNS or ascend to the cortex from lower regions, fibers run vertically
projection fibers
248
projection fibers form a compact bundle deep to the cerebral white matter which passes between the thalamus and some of the deep gray matter, the basal nuclei
internal capsule
249
"""radiating crown"", superior to the internal capsule, the projection fibers running to and from the cerebral cortex fan out"
corona radiata
250
complex neural calculators that cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movements
basal nuclei
251
septal nuclei, diagonal band (of Broca), horizontal band (of Broca), basal nucleus (of Meynert); functions related to arousal, learning, memory, and motor control
basal forebrain nuclei
252
"""arch"", with other fiber tracts, link the limbic system together"
fornix
253
"""belt-shaped"", part of the cerebral cortex located superior to the corpus callosum, mediates the emotional response to stimuli"
cingulate gyrus
254
"consists of the hippocampus (""sea horse"") and the parahyppocampal gyrus, endcode, consolidate, and later retrive memories of facts and events"
hippocampal formation
255
subjortical gray matter that contains the key brain nuclei for processing fear and stimulating the appropriate sympathetic response to fear, forms memories of experiences based entirely on their emotional impact
amygdaloid body
256
arm of the reticular formation which maintains consciousness and alertness, located mainly in the medial nuclear group of the pons and medulla in the brain stem
reticular activating system (RAS)
257
three connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the brain and spinal cord
meninges
258
more superficial layer of the dura mater, attaches to the internal surface of the skull bones (it is the periosteum)
periosteal layer
259
deeper layer of the dura mater, forms the true external covering of the brain
meningeal layer
260
(falx=sickle), vertical sheet lies in the median plane in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres, attaches anteriorly to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone
falx cerebri
261
continuing inferiorly from the posterior part of the falx cerebri, the _ is a vertiacal partition that runs along the vermis of the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa
falx cerebelli
262
"""tentorium=tent"", almost horizontal sheet lies in the transvese fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum, transverse sinus is enclosed by the _"
tentorium cerebelli
263
lies just deep to the dura mater
arachnoid mater
264
between the arachnoid matera nd the dura mater is a thin potential space which contains only a film of fluid
subdural space
265
spanned by weblike threads that hold the arachnoid mater to the underlying pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the largest blood vessels that supply the brain
subarachnoid space
266
aka arachnoid villi, project superiorly through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus and into some other dural sinuses as well, act as valves that allow cerebrospinal fluid to pass from the subarachnoid space into teh dural venous sinuses
arachnoid granulations
267
"""gentle mother"", layer of delicate connective tissue richly vascularized with fine blood vessels, clings tightly to the brain surface following every convolution"
pia mater
268
watery broth that fills the subarachnoid space and the central hollow cavities of the brain and spinal cord, aids in protecting and nourishing the neural tissue
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
269
capillary-rich membranes located in the roofs of the four brain ventricles that make CSF
choroid plexuses
270
results primarily from special features of the epithelium that make up the walls of the brain capillaries, prevent bloodborne toxins (e.g. urea, mild toxins from food, and bacterial toxins) from entering brain tissue
blood brain barrier
271
"""cone of the spinal cord"", spinal cord tapers at its inferior end into the _"
conus medullaris
272
"""end filament"", a long filament of cennective tissue that extends from the conus medullaris and attaches to the coccyx inferiorly, anchoring the spinal cord in place so that it is not jostled by body movements"
filum terminale
273
obvious enlagements of the spinal cord in the cervical and lumbar regions where the nerves to the upper and lower limbs arise
cervical and lumbar enlargements
274
"""horse's tail"", collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal"
cauda equina
275
the region of the spinal cord from which the axonal processes that form a given spinal nerve emerge
spinal cord segment
276
two grooves that run the length of the cord and partly divide it into right and left halves
dorsal (posterior) mediansulcus and ventral (anterior) median fissure
277
most of the _ in the spinal cord carry sensory information from the sensory neurons of the body up to the brain
ascending fibers
278
"most _ carry motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord, to stimulate contraction of the body's muscles and secretion from its glands"
descending fibers
279
white-matter fibers that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to the other
commisural fibers
280
crossbar of the H, composed of unmyeliated axons that cross from one side of the cNS to the other
gray commissure
281
narrow central cavity of the spinal cord within the gray cimmissure
central canal (CNS)
282
two posterior arms of the H
dorsal (posterior) horns
283
two anterior arms of the H
ventral (anterior) horns
284
small lateral gray matter columns in the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord
lateral horns
285
"tough dura matter corresponding to the meningeal layer of the brain's dura mater"
spinal dural sheath
286
just external to the spinal dura, filled with cusioning fat and a network of veins
epidural space
287
"""toothed"", lateral extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater throughout the length of the cord"
denticulate ligaments
288
pathways that carry information to more rostral regions of the CNS
ascending pathways
289
pathways that carry information to more caudal regions of the CNS
descending pathways
290
segments of these pathways that travel through the spinal cord are called ascending and descending _
spinal tracts
291
carry sensory information to the brain
ascending tracts
292
carry motor instructions to the effectors of the body
descending tracts
293
arises from second-order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and terminates on the cerebellum, carries information on proprioception from the lower limbs and trunk to the cerebellum
spinocerebellar pathway
294
carries information on fine touch, pressure, and conscious aspects of proprioception
dorsal column pathway
295
senses that can be localized very precisely on the body surface
discriminative senses
296
"""slender bundle"" (medial) or ""wedge-shaped bundle"" (lateral); the axons of first-order neurons, the sensory neurons, enter the spinal cord and send an axonal branch up one of the dorsal white column tracts, either _; these axons ascend in the spinal tract to the medulla oblongata"
fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus
297
in the medulla oblongata, these axons (first-order neurons in the dorsal column pathway) synapse with second-order neurons in the _.
nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus
298
"""ribbon"", axons from the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus form a tract called the _ which decussates in the medulla and then ascends through the pons and midbrain to the thalamus"
medial lemniscus tract
299
carries information on pain, temperature, deep pressure, and nondiscriminative touch--stimuli we are aware of but cannot localize precisely on the body surface
spinothalamic pathway
300
aka pyramidal tracts, control precise and skilled voluntary movements
corticospinal tracts
301
lower limbs are affected but not the upper limbs, if the damage occurs between the T1 and L2 segments of the spinal cord
paraplegia
302
(plegia=a blow), all four limbs are affected if the damage is in the cervical region of the spinal cord
tetraplegia
303
"""to hold back blood"", deprivation of blood to a tissue"
ischemia
304
aka strokes, most common disorders of the nervous system, occurs when either blockage or interruption of the flow of blood to a brain area causes brain tissue to die from lack of oxygen
cerebrovascular accidents
305
regenerative process by which the damaged CNS rewires itself
neural plasticity
306
a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration), wide variety of mental defects including loss of memory (particularly for recent events), shortened attention span, depression, and disorientation
"Alzheimer's disease"
307
result from a delay in the closure of the neural tube
neural tube defects
308
"""without a brain"", caused by the failure of the rostral part of the tube to close and form a complete brain"
anencephaly
309
"""forked spine""' encompasses a variety of neural tube defects that result from either a failure of the caudal portion of the neural tube to close or the incomplete formation of the bony vertebral arches (absence of vertebral laminae)"
spina bifida
310
"most common variety, the meninges around the spinal cord are exanded into a baglike cyst called a meningocele that protrudes dorsally from the infant's spine"
spina bifida cystica
311
"""spinal cord in a sac of meninges"", if the spinal cord moves into the dorsal part of the cyst (meningocele)"
myelomeningocele
312
lifelong congential CNS disorder in which the voluntary muscles are either poorly controlled or paralyzed, results from damage either to the cerebral cortex or, less often, to the cerebellum or basal nuclei
cerebral palsy
