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Anatomy > Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch18 > Flashcards

Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch18 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

blood

A

transport medium for carrying nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products to and from our body tissues

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2
Q

hematocrit

A

”"”blood fraction””, percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes<br></br>47+-5% in healthy men, 42+-5% in healthy women, averages 45%”

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3
Q

buffy coat

A

thin, gray layer present at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasa, contains leukocytes and platelets

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4
Q

blood plasma

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, contains over 100 different kinds of molecules, plus three main proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

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5
Q

albumin

A

helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues

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6
Q

globulins

A

include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper

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7
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein, one of several molecules involved in a series of chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting

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8
Q

formed elements of blood

A

aka blood cells, neither erythrocytes nor platelets are true cells (erythrocytes lack nuclei and organellse and platelets are merely cell fragements); most of the formed elements cannot divide, they survive in the bloodstream for only a short time (hours to months) before being replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow

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9
Q

erythrocytes

A

aka red blood cells (RBCs), small, oxygen-transporting cells ~7.5um, by far the most numerous formed element, ~25t in a healthy adult

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10
Q

leukocytes

A

“aka white blood cells (WBCs), crucial to the body’s defense against disease, roughly spherical in shape, complete cells, 4800-11000/cubic mm”

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11
Q

diapedesis

A

”"”leaping through””, process wherein leukocytes leave the cappillaries by actively squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls”

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12
Q

leukocytosis

A

a leukocyte count exceeding 11000 per cubic mm indicates infection or inflammation; the patient is said to have _

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13
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, contain many obvious granules

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14
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes, lack obvious granules

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15
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant class of leukocyte, destroy bacteria, nucleus consists of 2-6 lobes interconnected by very thin therads of chromatin

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16
Q

pus

A

forms in areas of bacteral infection, is composed of dead neutrophils and other leukocytes, plus tissue debris and dead bacteria

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17
Q

eosinophils

A

usually has two lobes interconnected by a broad band, play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens after the allergens are bound to antibodies

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18
Q

lymphocytes

A

each recognizes and acts against a specific foreign molecule; two main classes of T cells and B cells

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19
Q

antigen

A

”"”induce against””, molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte”

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20
Q

T cells

A

bind to antigens that are presented by special proteins that occur only on the membranes of eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

B cells

A

differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

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22
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to the antigen and thus mark the foreign cell for destruction by macrophages

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23
Q

monocytes

A

nucleus often bent into kidney or horseshoe, and nuclear chromatin is not as condensed (dark) as that in symphocites, use tho bloodstream to reach the connective tissues, transform into macrophages

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24
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that move by amoeboid motion through connective tissue and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny particles of debris

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25
platelets
aka thrombocytes (clotting cells), disc-shaped plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off of larger cells called megakaryocytes; plug small tears in the walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding
26
clotting
a sequence of chemical reactions in blood plasma that ultimately generates a network of tough fibrin strands among the accumulated platelets
27
clot
mass consisting of fibrin strands, platelets, and any blood cells that are trapped by the strands
28
hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
(hemo, hemato=blood, poeisis=to make), the process by which blood cells are formed
29
bone marrow
occupies the interior of all bones; two types of bone marrow, red and yellow
30
yellow marrow
dormant, makes blood cells only in emergencies that demand increased hematopoiesis
31
red marrow
actively generates blood cells; red hue derives from the immature erythrocytes int contains
32
hemopoietic stem cell
all blood cells arise from one cell type; in response to growth signals from the nearby reticular cells, they dividue continuously, both to renew themselves and to produce lines of progenitor cells that lead to the various blood cells
33
lymphoid stem cells
give rise to lymphocytes
34
myeloid stem cells
give rise to all blood cells except lymphocytes
35
proerythroblasts
"""earliest red-formers"", committed cells in the line that forms erythrocytes, avidly accumalate iron for future production of hemoglobin"
36
basophilic erythroblasts
ribosome-producing factories, on which hemoglobin is made and accumulates during the next two stages: polychromatic erythroblast and orthochromatic erythroblast
37
reticulocyte
a young erythrocyte that contains a network of blue-staining material representing clumps of ribosomes that remain after the other organelles are extruded, enter the bloodstream and begin the task of trasporting oxygen
38
myeloblasts
committed cells in each granulocyte line
39
promyelocytes
myeloblasts that have accumlated lysosomes
40
mylocyte
stage three when the distinctive granules of each granulocyte appear, cell division ceases
41
metamyelocyte
"nucleus stops functioning and bends into a thick ""horseshoe"""
42
band cells
neutrophils with horseshoe nuclei
43
monoblasts
committed cells in the line leading to monocytes
44
promonocytes
monoblasts enlarge and obtain more lysosomes as they become _ and then monocytes
45
megakaryoblasts
immature _ undergo repeated mitoses, but no cytoplasmic division occurs and their nuclei never completely separate after mitosis
46
megakaryocyte
"""big nucleus cell"", giant cell that has a large, multilobed nucleus containing many times the normal number of chromosomes"
47
anemia
"""lacking blood"", any condition in which erythrocyte levels or hemoplobin concentrations are low, such that the blood's capacity for corrying oxygen is diminished"
48
sickle cell disease
results from a defect in the hemoplobin molecule that causes the abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize when the concentration of exygen in the blood is low or the erythrocytes become dehydrated, as during exercise or anxiety; this causes the circulating erythrocytes to distort into the shape of a crescent; these deformed erythrocytes are rigid, fragile, and easily destroyed
49
leukemia
a form of cancer resulting from the uncontrolled proliferation of a leukocyte-forming cell line in the bone marrow; classified according to the cell line involved as either lymphoblastic (from immature lymphocytes) or myeloblastic (from immature cells of the myeloid loid), and the rate of progression as either acute or chronic
50
thrombocytopenia
"""lack of platelets"", an abnormally low concentration of platelets in the blood"
51
graft-versus-host disease
"transplated immune system stem cells can potentially attack the recipient's tissues"
52
transport medium for carrying nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products to and from our body tissues
blood
53
"""blood fraction"", percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes
47+-5% in healthy men, 42+-5% in healthy women, averages 45%"
hematocrit
54
thin, gray layer present at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasa, contains leukocytes and platelets
buffy coat
55
straw-colored, sticky fluid, 90% water, contains over 100 different kinds of molecules, plus three main proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
blood plasma
56
helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues
albumin
57
include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper
globulins
58
plasma protein, one of several molecules involved in a series of chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting
fibrinogen
59
aka blood cells, neither erythrocytes nor platelets are true cells (erythrocytes lack nuclei and organellse and platelets are merely cell fragements); most of the formed elements cannot divide, they survive in the bloodstream for only a short time (hours to months) before being replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow
formed elements of blood
60
aka red blood cells (RBCs), small, oxygen-transporting cells ~7.5um, by far the most numerous formed element, ~25t in a healthy adult
erythrocytes
61
"aka white blood cells (WBCs), crucial to the body's defense against disease, roughly spherical in shape, complete cells, 4800-11000/cubic mm"
leukocytes
62
"""leaping through"", process wherein leukocytes leave the cappillaries by actively squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls"
diapedesis
63
a leukocyte count exceeding 11000 per cubic mm indicates infection or inflammation; the patient is said to have _
leukocytosis
64
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, contain many obvious granules
granulocytes
65
lymphocytes, monocytes, lack obvious granules
agranulocytes
66
most abundant class of leukocyte, destroy bacteria, nucleus consists of 2-6 lobes interconnected by very thin therads of chromatin
neutrophils
67
forms in areas of bacteral infection, is composed of dead neutrophils and other leukocytes, plus tissue debris and dead bacteria
pus
68
usually has two lobes interconnected by a broad band, play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens after the allergens are bound to antibodies
eosinophils
69
each recognizes and acts against a specific foreign molecule; two main classes of T cells and B cells
lymphocytes
70
"""induce against"", molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte"
antigen
71
bind to antigens that are presented by special proteins that occur only on the membranes of eukaryotic cells
T cells
72
differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
B cells
73
proteins that bind to the antigen and thus mark the foreign cell for destruction by macrophages
antibodies
74
nucleus often bent into kidney or horseshoe, and nuclear chromatin is not as condensed (dark) as that in symphocites, use tho bloodstream to reach the connective tissues, transform into macrophages
monocytes
75
phagocytic cells that move by amoeboid motion through connective tissue and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny particles of debris
macrophages
76
aka thrombocytes (clotting cells), disc-shaped plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off of larger cells called megakaryocytes; plug small tears in the walls of blood vessels to limit bleeding
platelets
77
a sequence of chemical reactions in blood plasma that ultimately generates a network of tough fibrin strands among the accumulated platelets
clotting
78
mass consisting of fibrin strands, platelets, and any blood cells that are trapped by the strands
clot
79
(hemo, hemato=blood, poeisis=to make), the process by which blood cells are formed
hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
80
occupies the interior of all bones; two types of bone marrow, red and yellow
bone marrow
81
dormant, makes blood cells only in emergencies that demand increased hematopoiesis
yellow marrow
82
actively generates blood cells; red hue derives from the immature erythrocytes int contains
red marrow
83
all blood cells arise from one cell type; in response to growth signals from the nearby reticular cells, they dividue continuously, both to renew themselves and to produce lines of progenitor cells that lead to the various blood cells
hemopoietic stem cell
84
give rise to lymphocytes
lymphoid stem cells
85
give rise to all blood cells except lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells
86
"""earliest red-formers"", committed cells in the line that forms erythrocytes, avidly accumalate iron for future production of hemoglobin"
proerythroblasts
87
ribosome-producing factories, on which hemoglobin is made and accumulates during the next two stages: polychromatic erythroblast and orthochromatic erythroblast
basophilic erythroblasts
88
a young erythrocyte that contains a network of blue-staining material representing clumps of ribosomes that remain after the other organelles are extruded, enter the bloodstream and begin the task of trasporting oxygen
reticulocyte
89
committed cells in each granulocyte line
myeloblasts
90
myeloblasts that have accumlated lysosomes
promyelocytes
91
stage three when the distinctive granules of each granulocyte appear, cell division ceases
mylocyte
92
"nucleus stops functioning and bends into a thick ""horseshoe"""
metamyelocyte
93
neutrophils with horseshoe nuclei
band cells
94
committed cells in the line leading to monocytes
monoblasts
95
monoblasts enlarge and obtain more lysosomes as they become _ and then monocytes
promonocytes
96
immature _ undergo repeated mitoses, but no cytoplasmic division occurs and their nuclei never completely separate after mitosis
megakaryoblasts
97
"""big nucleus cell"", giant cell that has a large, multilobed nucleus containing many times the normal number of chromosomes"
megakaryocyte
98
"""lacking blood"", any condition in which erythrocyte levels or hemoplobin concentrations are low, such that the blood's capacity for corrying oxygen is diminished"
anemia
99
results from a defect in the hemoplobin molecule that causes the abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize when the concentration of exygen in the blood is low or the erythrocytes become dehydrated, as during exercise or anxiety; this causes the circulating erythrocytes to distort into the shape of a crescent; these deformed erythrocytes are rigid, fragile, and easily destroyed
sickle cell disease
100
a form of cancer resulting from the uncontrolled proliferation of a leukocyte-forming cell line in the bone marrow; classified according to the cell line involved as either lymphoblastic (from immature lymphocytes) or myeloblastic (from immature cells of the myeloid loid), and the rate of progression as either acute or chronic
leukemia
101
"""lack of platelets"", an abnormally low concentration of platelets in the blood"
thrombocytopenia
102
"transplated immune system stem cells can potentially attack the recipient's tissues"
graft-versus-host disease

Anatomy (42 decks)

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