Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch12 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
sensory input
A
the nervous system uses its milliosn of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. each of these changes is called a stimulus, and the gathered information is called _
2
Q
intergration
A
the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what sohuld be done at each moment, a process called _
3
Q
motor output
A
the nervous system dictates a response by activating the effector organs, our muscles or glands; the response is called _
4
Q
central nervous system
A
consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the cranium and the vertebral canal respectively. the CNS is the integrating and comman center of the nervous system: it receives incoming sensory signals, interprets these signals, and dictates motor responses based on past experiences, reflexes, and current conditions
5
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
the part of the nervous sytem outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord
6
Q
ganglia
A
areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered
7
Q
sonsory/afferent division
A
signals are picked up by sensory receptors located throughout the body and carrie by nerve fibers of the PNS into the CNS
8
Q
motor/efferent division
A
signals are carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers of the PNS to innervate the muscles and glands, causing these organs either to contract or to secrete
9
Q
somatic sensory
A
the sensory innervation of the outer tube: skin, body wall, and limbs
10
Q
visceral sensory
A
the sensory innervation of the viscera
11
Q
somatic motor
A
or voluntary motor, the motor innervation of the outer tube, specifically skeletal muscles
12
Q
visceral motor
A
aka autonomic nervous system (ANS), the involuntary motor innervation of the inner tube, specifically soomth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, as well as some outer tube structuers: arrector pili muscles, smooth muscle in the vessels, and sweat glands
13
Q
general somatic senses
A
sense whose receptors are spread widely throughout the outer tube of the body
14
Q
proprioception
A
”"”sensing one’s own body””, a sense that detects the amount of ste]retch in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules”
15
Q
special somatic senses
A
somatic senses whose receptors are confined to relatively small areas rather than spread widely throughout the body
16
Q
equilibrium
A
balance, using receptors in the inner ear, a special sense
17
Q
general visceral senses
A
incledue stretch, pain, and temperature, which can be felt widely in the digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs, and other viscera
18
Q
special visceral senses
A
taste and smell, aka chemical sense, have their sensory receptors localized to the tongue and nasal cavity
19
Q
nervous tissue parts
A
neurons, the excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals<br></br>neuroglia, nonexcitable supporting cells that surround and wrap the neurons
20
Q
neurons/nerve cells
A
basic strutural units of the nervous system
21
Q
neurilemma
A
plasma membrane (for nerve cells)
22
Q
nerve impulses
A
aka action potenials, a reversal of electrical charge that travels rapidly along the neuronal membrane
23
Q
neurons have a number of special functional characteristics
A
neurons are highly specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another. these signals are transmitted along the plasma membrane, or neurilemma, in the form of nerve impulses, or action potentials. basically, an impulse is a reversal of electrical charge that tranels rapidly along the neuronal membrane<br></br>neurons have extreme longevity. they can live and function for a lifetime, over 100 years<br></br>neurons do not divide. as the fetal neurons assume their roles as communication links in the nervous system, they lose their ability to undergo mitosis. there can be a high price for this characteristic of neurons, for they cannot replace themselves if destroyed. there are some exceptions to this rule; neural stem cells have been identified in certain areas of the CNS<br></br>neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate, requiring continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen
24
Q
cell body (neuron)
A
all consist of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
25
chromatophilic substance
large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes that stain darkly with basic dyes
26
neurofibrils
bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) that run in a network between the chromatophilic substance
27
processes (neuron)
extend from the cell bodies; of two types, dentrites and axons
28
axon hillock
cone-shaped region of the cell body from which arises the axon
29
nerve fiber
any long axon
30
axon collaterals
occasional branches along the length of an axon
31
terminal arborization
end of the axon where it usually branches profusely
32
presynaptic neuron
neuron that conducts signals toward a synapse
33
postsynaptic neuron
neuron that transmits signals away from the synapse
34
axodendritic synapses
most synapses (called _) occur between the terminal boutons of one neuron and the dentrites of another neuron
35
axosomatic synapses
many synapses occur between axons and neuron cell bodies
36
synaptic vesicles
membrane-bound sacs filled with neurotransmitters, the molecules that transmit signals across the synapse
37
multipolar neurons
have more than two processes, nearly all in the body, usually have numerous dendrites and a single axon
38
bipolar neurons
have two processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body, mostly serve as sensory neurons
39
unipolar neurons
have a short, single process that emerges from the cell body and divides like an inverted T into two long branches, generally start as bipolar neurons whose processes fuse together during development, aka pseudounipolar neurons
40
central process
one branch of the single process of a unipolar neuron, runs centrally into the CNS
41
peripheral process
one branch of the single process of the unipolar neuron, extends peripherally to the receptors
42
sensory neurons
aka afferent neurons, make up the sensory division of the PNS, transmit impulses toward the CNS from sensory receptors in the PNS, most are pseudounipolar
43
interneurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons, confined entirely to the CNS, link together into chans that form complex neuronal pathways, make up 99.98% of the neurons of the body
44
astrocytes
"""star cells"", most abundant glial cells of the CNS, regulate neurotransmitter levels by increasing the rate of neurotransmitter uptake in regions of high neuronal activity, signal increased blood flow through capillaries in active regions of the brain, control the ionic environment around neurons"
45
microglial cells
smalles and lest abundant neuroglia of the CNS, phagocytes, the macrophages of the CNS
46
ependymal cells
"""wrapping garment"", form a simple epithelium that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain, provide a fairly permeable layer between tho cerebrospinal fluid that fills this cavity and tissue fluid that bathes the cells of the CNS, bear cilia that help circulate the cerbrospinal fluid"
47
obigondendrocytes
"""few-branch cells"", line up in small groups and wrape their cell precess around the thicker axons in the CNS producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths"
48
satellite cells
surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
49
Schwann cells
surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons
50
myelin sheaths
produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, segmented structures that are composed of the lipoprotein myelin and surround the thicker axons of the body
51
myelin
lipoprotein that makes up myelin sheaths
52
myelin sheath gaps
aka nodes of Ranvier, occur at regular intervals about 1 mm apart; in myelinated axons, nerve impulses do not travel along the myelin-covered regions of the axonal membrane but instead jump from the membrane of one myelin sheath gap to the next in a way that greatly speeds impulse conduction
53
nonmyelinated axons
thin, slowly conducting axons lack a myelin sheath
54
gray matter
gray-collored zone that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the CNS; the site where neuron cell bodies are clustered; more specifically, the gray matter of the CNS is a mixture of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, short, nonmyelinated neurons, and neuroglia; synapes occur in the gray matter
55
white matter
contains no neuron cell bodies but millions of axons and neuroglia; consists of axons running between different parts of the CNS
56
tracts
within white matter, axons, traveling to similar destinations form axon bundles
57
cortex
in two regions of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) there is an additional layer of gray matter located superficially, the _
58
nerve
cablelike organ in the peripheral nervous system, each consists of many axoins arranged in parallel bundles and enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue
59
endoneurium
a delicate layer of loose connective tissue covering the Schwann cells
60
fascicles
groups of axons bound into bundles called nerve _ by a wrapping of connective tissue called the perneurium
61
perineurium
wrapping of connective tissue that surrounds the nerve fascicles
62
epineurium
tough fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve
63
reflex arcs
simple chains of neurons that cause our simplest, reflexive behaviors and reflect the basic structural plan of the nervous system
64
reflexes
rapid, automatic motor responses to stimuli
65
reflex components
1) the receptor is the side where the stimulus acts. receptors are located at the terminal end of the peripheral process of a sensory neuron
2) the sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulses to the CNS
3) the integration center consists of one or more synapses in the grap matter of the CNS. in the simplest reflex arcs, the integration center is a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. in more complex reflexes, it can involve multiple synapes that send signals through long chains of interneurons to other portions of the CNS, for instance, to portions of the brain
4) the motor neuron conducts efferet impullses from the integration center to an effector
5) the effector is the muscle or gland cell that respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
2) the sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulses to the CNS
3) the integration center consists of one or more synapses in the grap matter of the CNS. in the simplest reflex arcs, the integration center is a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. in more complex reflexes, it can involve multiple synapes that send signals through long chains of interneurons to other portions of the CNS, for instance, to portions of the brain
4) the motor neuron conducts efferet impullses from the integration center to an effector
5) the effector is the muscle or gland cell that respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
66
monosynaptic reflex
no interneuron between the sensory neuron and the moter neuron, there is only one synapse in this reflex arc (e.g. knee-jerk reflex)
67
polysynaptic reflexes
one or more interneurons are part of the reflex pathway between the sensory and motor neurons (e.g. withdrawal reflexes are three-neuron polysnynaptic reflexes)
68
diverging circuit
one presynaptic neuron synapes with several other neurons
69
cenverging circuit
when many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (e.g. when a single motor neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory impulses from many other neurons)
70
reverberating circuit
one neuron in the circuit receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit; a branch off the axon of one neuron circles back and synapses with a previous neuron in the circuit
71
in series
neurons that synapse one-on-one in a sequence are joined _
72
serial processing
precessing done by neurons in series
73
in parallel
information from a single neuron is sent along two or more parallel pathways
74
parallel processing
occurs when a single sensory stimulus results in multiple perceptions
75
multiple sclerosis (MS)
progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord, disrupting neuronal signals in the CNS and leading to sensory disorders and weakened musculature
76
neuroepithelial cells
the neural tube becomes the CNS; its walls begin as a layer of pseudostratified _
77
alar plate and basal plate
just external to the neuroepithelium, the neuroblasts cluster into an _ and a _, the future gray matter; the neuroblasts of the alar plate b ecome interneurons which remain in the CNS, the neuroblasts of the basal plate become motor neurons and sprout axons that grow out to the effector organs
78
the nervous system uses its milliosn of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body. each of these changes is called a stimulus, and the gathered information is called _
sensory input
79
the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what sohuld be done at each moment, a process called _
intergration
80
the nervous system dictates a response by activating the effector organs, our muscles or glands; the response is called _
motor output
81
consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the cranium and the vertebral canal respectively. the CNS is the integrating and comman center of the nervous system: it receives incoming sensory signals, interprets these signals, and dictates motor responses based on past experiences, reflexes, and current conditions
central nervous system
82
the part of the nervous sytem outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
83
areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered
ganglia
84
signals are picked up by sensory receptors located throughout the body and carrie by nerve fibers of the PNS into the CNS
sonsory/afferent division
85
signals are carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers of the PNS to innervate the muscles and glands, causing these organs either to contract or to secrete
motor/efferent division
86
the sensory innervation of the outer tube: skin, body wall, and limbs
somatic sensory
87
the sensory innervation of the viscera
visceral sensory
88
or voluntary motor, the motor innervation of the outer tube, specifically skeletal muscles
somatic motor
89
aka autonomic nervous system (ANS), the involuntary motor innervation of the inner tube, specifically soomth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, as well as some outer tube structuers: arrector pili muscles, smooth muscle in the vessels, and sweat glands
visceral motor
90
sense whose receptors are spread widely throughout the outer tube of the body
general somatic senses
91
"""sensing one's own body"", a sense that detects the amount of ste]retch in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules"
proprioception
92
somatic senses whose receptors are confined to relatively small areas rather than spread widely throughout the body
special somatic senses
93
balance, using receptors in the inner ear, a special sense
equilibrium
94
incledue stretch, pain, and temperature, which can be felt widely in the digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs, and other viscera
general visceral senses
95
taste and smell, aka chemical sense, have their sensory receptors localized to the tongue and nasal cavity
special visceral senses
96
neurons, the excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals
neuroglia, nonexcitable supporting cells that surround and wrap the neurons
neuroglia, nonexcitable supporting cells that surround and wrap the neurons
nervous tissue parts
97
basic strutural units of the nervous system
neurons/nerve cells
98
plasma membrane (for nerve cells)
neurilemma
99
aka action potenials, a reversal of electrical charge that travels rapidly along the neuronal membrane
nerve impulses
100
neurons are highly specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another. these signals are transmitted along the plasma membrane, or neurilemma, in the form of nerve impulses, or action potentials. basically, an impulse is a reversal of electrical charge that tranels rapidly along the neuronal membrane
neurons have extreme longevity. they can live and function for a lifetime, over 100 years
neurons do not divide. as the fetal neurons assume their roles as communication links in the nervous system, they lose their ability to undergo mitosis. there can be a high price for this characteristic of neurons, for they cannot replace themselves if destroyed. there are some exceptions to this rule; neural stem cells have been identified in certain areas of the CNS
neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate, requiring continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen
neurons have extreme longevity. they can live and function for a lifetime, over 100 years
neurons do not divide. as the fetal neurons assume their roles as communication links in the nervous system, they lose their ability to undergo mitosis. there can be a high price for this characteristic of neurons, for they cannot replace themselves if destroyed. there are some exceptions to this rule; neural stem cells have been identified in certain areas of the CNS
neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate, requiring continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen
neurons have a number of special functional characteristics
101
all consist of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
cell body (neuron)
102
large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes that stain darkly with basic dyes
chromatophilic substance
103
bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) that run in a network between the chromatophilic substance
neurofibrils
104
extend from the cell bodies; of two types, dentrites and axons
processes (neuron)
105
cone-shaped region of the cell body from which arises the axon
axon hillock
106
any long axon
nerve fiber
107
occasional branches along the length of an axon
axon collaterals
108
end of the axon where it usually branches profusely
terminal arborization
109
neuron that conducts signals toward a synapse
presynaptic neuron
110
neuron that transmits signals away from the synapse
postsynaptic neuron
111
most synapses (called _) occur between the terminal boutons of one neuron and the dentrites of another neuron
axodendritic synapses
112
many synapses occur between axons and neuron cell bodies
axosomatic synapses
113
membrane-bound sacs filled with neurotransmitters, the molecules that transmit signals across the synapse
synaptic vesicles
114
have more than two processes, nearly all in the body, usually have numerous dendrites and a single axon
multipolar neurons
115
have two processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body, mostly serve as sensory neurons
bipolar neurons
116
have a short, single process that emerges from the cell body and divides like an inverted T into two long branches, generally start as bipolar neurons whose processes fuse together during development, aka pseudounipolar neurons
unipolar neurons
117
one branch of the single process of a unipolar neuron, runs centrally into the CNS
central process
118
one branch of the single process of the unipolar neuron, extends peripherally to the receptors
peripheral process
119
aka afferent neurons, make up the sensory division of the PNS, transmit impulses toward the CNS from sensory receptors in the PNS, most are pseudounipolar
sensory neurons
120
lie between motor and sensory neurons, confined entirely to the CNS, link together into chans that form complex neuronal pathways, make up 99.98% of the neurons of the body
interneurons
121
"""star cells"", most abundant glial cells of the CNS, regulate neurotransmitter levels by increasing the rate of neurotransmitter uptake in regions of high neuronal activity, signal increased blood flow through capillaries in active regions of the brain, control the ionic environment around neurons"
astrocytes
122
smalles and lest abundant neuroglia of the CNS, phagocytes, the macrophages of the CNS
microglial cells
123
"""wrapping garment"", form a simple epithelium that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain, provide a fairly permeable layer between tho cerebrospinal fluid that fills this cavity and tissue fluid that bathes the cells of the CNS, bear cilia that help circulate the cerbrospinal fluid"
ependymal cells
124
"""few-branch cells"", line up in small groups and wrape their cell precess around the thicker axons in the CNS producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths"
obigondendrocytes
125
surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
satellite cells
126
surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons
Schwann cells
127
produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, segmented structures that are composed of the lipoprotein myelin and surround the thicker axons of the body
myelin sheaths
128
lipoprotein that makes up myelin sheaths
myelin
129
aka nodes of Ranvier, occur at regular intervals about 1 mm apart; in myelinated axons, nerve impulses do not travel along the myelin-covered regions of the axonal membrane but instead jump from the membrane of one myelin sheath gap to the next in a way that greatly speeds impulse conduction
myelin sheath gaps
130
thin, slowly conducting axons lack a myelin sheath
nonmyelinated axons
131
gray-collored zone that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the CNS; the site where neuron cell bodies are clustered; more specifically, the gray matter of the CNS is a mixture of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, short, nonmyelinated neurons, and neuroglia; synapes occur in the gray matter
gray matter
132
contains no neuron cell bodies but millions of axons and neuroglia; consists of axons running between different parts of the CNS
white matter
133
within white matter, axons, traveling to similar destinations form axon bundles
tracts
134
in two regions of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) there is an additional layer of gray matter located superficially, the _
cortex
135
cablelike organ in the peripheral nervous system, each consists of many axoins arranged in parallel bundles and enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue
nerve
136
a delicate layer of loose connective tissue covering the Schwann cells
endoneurium
137
groups of axons bound into bundles called nerve _ by a wrapping of connective tissue called the perneurium
fascicles
138
wrapping of connective tissue that surrounds the nerve fascicles
perineurium
139
tough fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve
epineurium
140
simple chains of neurons that cause our simplest, reflexive behaviors and reflect the basic structural plan of the nervous system
reflex arcs
141
rapid, automatic motor responses to stimuli
reflexes
142
1) the receptor is the side where the stimulus acts. receptors are located at the terminal end of the peripheral process of a sensory neuron
2) the sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulses to the CNS
3) the integration center consists of one or more synapses in the grap matter of the CNS. in the simplest reflex arcs, the integration center is a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. in more complex reflexes, it can involve multiple synapes that send signals through long chains of interneurons to other portions of the CNS, for instance, to portions of the brain
4) the motor neuron conducts efferet impullses from the integration center to an effector
5) the effector is the muscle or gland cell that respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
2) the sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulses to the CNS
3) the integration center consists of one or more synapses in the grap matter of the CNS. in the simplest reflex arcs, the integration center is a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. in more complex reflexes, it can involve multiple synapes that send signals through long chains of interneurons to other portions of the CNS, for instance, to portions of the brain
4) the motor neuron conducts efferet impullses from the integration center to an effector
5) the effector is the muscle or gland cell that respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
reflex components
143
no interneuron between the sensory neuron and the moter neuron, there is only one synapse in this reflex arc (e.g. knee-jerk reflex)
monosynaptic reflex
144
one or more interneurons are part of the reflex pathway between the sensory and motor neurons (e.g. withdrawal reflexes are three-neuron polysnynaptic reflexes)
polysynaptic reflexes
145
one presynaptic neuron synapes with several other neurons
diverging circuit
146
when many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (e.g. when a single motor neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory impulses from many other neurons)
cenverging circuit
147
one neuron in the circuit receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit; a branch off the axon of one neuron circles back and synapses with a previous neuron in the circuit
reverberating circuit
148
neurons that synapse one-on-one in a sequence are joined _
in series
149
precessing done by neurons in series
serial processing
150
information from a single neuron is sent along two or more parallel pathways
in parallel
151
occurs when a single sensory stimulus results in multiple perceptions
parallel processing
152
progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord, disrupting neuronal signals in the CNS and leading to sensory disorders and weakened musculature
multiple sclerosis (MS)
153
the neural tube becomes the CNS; its walls begin as a layer of pseudostratified _
neuroepithelial cells
154
just external to the neuroepithelium, the neuroblasts cluster into an _ and a _, the future gray matter; the neuroblasts of the alar plate b ecome interneurons which remain in the CNS, the neuroblasts of the basal plate become motor neurons and sprout axons that grow out to the effector organs
alar plate and basal plate
