Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch8 Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
pectoral girdle
A
shoulder girdle, consists of a clavicle anteriorly and a scapula posteriorly
2
Q
clavicles
A
collarbones, slender, S-shaped bones that extend horizontally arcoss the superior thorax on the anterior surface
3
Q
sternal end
A
of the clavical attaches to the manubrium medially
4
Q
acromial end
A
of the clavicle articulates with the scapula laterally
5
Q
trapezoid line and conoid tubercle
A
“near the acromial end provide attachment for a ligament that runs to the scapula’s coracoid process”
6
Q
scapulae
A
shoulder blades, thin, triangular, flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between rib 2 superiorly and rib 7 inferiorly
7
Q
superior border of scapulae
A
shortest and sharpest of 3
8
Q
medial border of scapulae
A
or vertebral border, papallels the vertebral column
9
Q
laterial border of scapulae
A
thick, axillary border, abuts the axilla (armpit) and ends superiorly in a shallow fossa, the glenoid cavity
10
Q
glenoid cavity
A
articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint
11
Q
“scapula’s lateral angle”
A
glenoid cavity
12
Q
“scapula’s superior angle”
A
where the superior and medial borders meet
13
Q
“scapula’s inferior angle”
A
junction of the medial and lateral borders
14
Q
coracoid process
A
projects anteriorly from the lateral port of the superior scapular border
15
Q
suprascapular notch
A
just medial to the coracoid process, passageway for the suprascapular nerve
16
Q
spine (scapula)
A
on the posterior surface, easily felt through the skin, ends laterally in a flat projection called the acromion
17
Q
acromion (scapula)
A
articulates with the arcomial end of the clavicle
18
Q
infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
A
lie inferior and superior to the scapular spine
19
Q
subscapular fossa
A
shallow concavity formed by the entire anterior surface of the scapula
20
Q
humerus
A
only bone of the arm, articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow
21
Q
greater tubercle and lesser tubercle (humerus)
A
spearated by the intertubercular suclcus, or bicipital groove
22
Q
interbucular sulcus
A
guides a tendon of the biceps muscle to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity
23
Q
surgical neck (humerus)
A
most frequently fractured part of the humerus, inferior to the tubercles
24
Q
deltoid tuberosity
A
midway down the shaft on the lateral side, V-shaped roughened area is an attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
25
radial groove
descends obliquely near the deltoid tuberosity along the posterior surface of the shaft, marks the course of the radial nerve
26
trochlea (humerus)
medial, condyle, articulates with the ulna
27
capitulum (humerus)
lateral, condyle, articulates with the radius
28
medial and lateral epicondyles
flank the trochlea and capitulum, attachment sites for muscles of the forearm
29
medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
directly above the medial and lateral epicondyles (humerus)
30
olecranon fossa
posterior surface of the humerus directly proximal to the trochlea
31
coronoid fossa and radial fossa
medially and laterally respectively, anterior surface of the humerous directly proximal to the trouchlea, receive similarly named projections of the forearm bones during forearm movement
32
interosseous membrane
connects the radius and ulna along their entire length by a flat ligament, or the tibia and fibula
33
olecranon and coronoid process
grip the trochlea of the humerus, forming a hinge joint that allows the forearm to bend upon the arm (flex), then starighten again (extend)
34
trochlear notch
deep concavity seperating the olecranon and coronoid processes
35
ulna
"""elbow"", slightly longer than the radius, main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus"
36
radial notch
lateral side of the coronoid process is a smooth depression where the head of the raidus articulates with the ulna
37
ulnar styloid process
"""stake-shaped"", medial to the knoblike head, from which a ligament runs to the wrist"
38
radius
"""spoke"" or ""ray"", thin at its proximal end and widened at is distal end (the opposite of the ulna)"
39
radial tuberosity
just distal to the head, on the anterior surface in anatomical position, a rough bump, a site of attachment of the biceps muscle
40
ulnar notch
distal end of the radius, medial notch articulates with the head of the ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint
41
radial styloid process
lateral to the ulnar notch, anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist
42
carpus
true wrist, proximal region of the hand, just distal to the wrist joint
43
carpals
eight marble-sized short bones of the carpus, closely united by ligaments
44
scaphoid
"""boat-shaped"", proximal row, lateral (thumb side), articulates with the radius to form the wrist joint"
45
triquetrum
"""triangular"", proximal row, 3rd bone lateral (thumb side)"
46
pisiform
"""pea-shaped"", proximal row, medial (away from the thumb)"
47
lunate
"""moonlike"", proximal row, 2nd bone lateral (thumb side), articulates with the radius to form the wrist joint"
48
trapezium
"""little table"", distal row, lateral"
49
trapezoid
"""four-sided"", distal row, 2nd bone laterally"
50
capitate
"""head-shaped"", distal row, 3rd bone laterally"
51
hamate
"""hooked"", distal row, medial"
52
metacarpals
radiate distally from the wrist to form the metacarpus, or falm of the hand, numbered I (thumb) to V
53
phalanges
digits, or fingers (or toes), numbered I to V beginning with the thumb (or big toe), II-V have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal); the thumb (and big toe) has no middle phalanx
54
pelvic girdle
attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis, consists of the paired hip bones and the sacrum (sometimes)
55
coxal
aka hip bone aka pelvic bone, unites with its partner anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly
56
acetabulum
at the Y-shaped junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis is a deep hemipsherical socket, on the lateral pelvic surface
57
ilium
"""flank"", large flaring bone that forms the suprior region of the hip bone, consists of the an inferior body and a superior winglike ala (wing)"
58
iliac crest
thickened superior margin of the ala
59
tubercle of the iliac crest
thickest part of the iliac crest which attaches many muscles
60
anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
blunt and sharp ends respectively of ecah iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine is an especially prominent anatomical landmark and is easily felt through the skin
61
anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines
inferior to the superior iliac spines
62
greater sciatic notch
posteirorly, just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine, the ilium is deeply indented, the sciatic nerve passes through this notch to enter the posteior thigh
63
posteiror, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
broad posterolateral surface of the ilium, the gluteal surface, is crossed by three rides which define the attachment sites of the gluteal muscles
64
iliac fossa
broad concave sinternal surface of the iliac ala
65
auricular surface
posterior to the iliac fossa, articulates with the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joint, the weight of the body is transmitted from the vertebral column to the pelvis through this joint
66
arcuate line
runs anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface, a robust ridge, helps define the superior boundary of the true pelvis
67
ischium
forms the posteroinferior region of the hip bone, shaped like an arc, has a thicker superior body and a thinner inferior ramus (branch)
68
ischial spine
triangular, lies posterior to the acetabulum and projects medially, attachment point for a ligament from the sacrum and coccyx, the sacrospinous ligament
69
lesser sciatic notch
just inferior to the ischial spine, passes nerves and vessels that serve the perineum (area around the anus and external genitalia)
70
ischial tuberosity
inferior surface of the ischial body, rough and thickened, strongest part of the hip bone, bears entire weight of a sitting person, sacrotuberous ligament runs from the sacrum to each ischial tuberosity and helps hold the pelvis together
71
pubis
"""sexually mature"", anterior region of the hip bone, lies nearly horizontally and the bladder rests upon it, V-shaped with superior and inferior rami extending from a flat body"
72
pubic crest
thickened anterior border of pubis
73
pubic tubercle
at the lateral end of the pubic crest, knoblike, an attachment point for the inguinal ligament
74
obturator foramen
large hole occuring between the pubis and ischium, almost completely closed by a fibrous membrane, the obturator membrane
75
pelvic brim
continuous oval ridge that runs from the pubic crest through the arcuate line, the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala, and the sacral promontory, separates the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis
76
false pelvis
sperior to the belvic brine, bounded by the alae of the iliac bones, part of the abdomen and contains abdominal organs
77
true pelvis
inferior to the pelvic brim, forms a deep bowl containing the pelvic organs
78
pelvic inlet
"delineated by the pelvic brim, largest diameter is from right to left in the frontal plane; as labor begins, the infant's head enters this inlet, its forehead facing one ilium and the back of its head facing the other (a sacral promontory too large can block the entry of the infant into the true pelvis)"
79
pelvic outlet
inferior margin of the true pelvis, boundaries are the pubic arch anteriorly, the ischial tuberosities laterally, and the sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, largest dimension of the pelvic outlet is the anteroposterior diameter
80
femur
"""thigh"", single bone of the thigh, largest, longest, strongest bone of the body"
81
fovea capitis
"""pit of the head"", small central pit in the ball-like head of the femur, connects the short ligament of the head of the femur from this pit to the aceabulum of the hip bone"
82
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter (femur)
lateral and posteromedial respectively, sites of muschle attachment
83
intertrochanteric line and intertrochanteric crest
anterior and posteior respectively, interconnect the greater and lesser trochanters
84
gluteal tuberosity
inferior to the introchanteric crest on the posterior surface of the shaft
85
linea aspera
the inferior part of the gluteal tuberosity blends into a long vertical ridge, also sites of muscle attachment
86
lateral and medial condyles
joint surfaces that articulate with the tibia
87
lateral and medial epicondyles
most raised points on the sides of the lateral and medial condyles to which muscles and ligaments attach
88
adductor tubercle
bump on the upper part of the medial epicondyle
89
patellar surface
anteriorly separates the lateral and medial condyles, articulates with the kneecap/patella
90
intercondylar fossa
posteriarly separates the lateral and medial condyles
91
lateral and medial supracondylar lines
extends superiorly from the respective condyles to the linea aspera
92
patella
"""small pan"", triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muschles of the anterior thigh to the tibia"
93
tibia
"""shinbone"", receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot, second only to femur in size and strength"
94
medial and lateral condyles (tibia)
articulate with the corresponding condyles of the femur
95
intercondylar eminence
tibial condyles are separated by an irregular proection
96
tibial tuberosity
"inferior to the medial and lateral condyles, on the tibia's anterior surface, is the attachment side of the patellar ligament"
97
anterior border (tibia)
sharp, lies just below the skin and is easily palpated
98
medial malleolus
"""little hammer"", forms the medial bulge of the ankle, inferior projection medial to the surface of the tibia-talus joint"
99
fibular notch
lateral side of the distal tibia, articulates with the fibula, forming the inferior tibiofibular joint
100
fibula
"""pin"", lateral to the tibia, is a thin long bone with two exanded ends, the head and the lateral malleolus"
101
lateral malleolus (fibula)
forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus bone of the foot
102
tarsus
posterior half of the foot, contains seven bones called tarsals
103
talus
"""ankle"", articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, carries weight of the body primarily (with calcaneus)"
104
calcaneus
"""heal bone"", forms heel of the foot, carries weight of the body primarily (with talus)"
105
trochlea of the talus
tibia articulates with the talus
106
calcaneal tuberosity
the part of the calcaneus that touches the ground
107
sustentaculum tali
"""supporter of the talus"" aka talar shelf, medial, shelf-like projection of the calcaneus"
108
metatarsus
consists of five small long bones called metatarsals, numbered I-V beginning on the medial side of the foot
109
medial longitudinal arch
curves well above the ground, the talus near the talonavicular joint is the keystone of this arch which originates at the calcaneus rises to the talus and then descends to the three medial metatarsals
110
lateral longitudinal arch
very low, elevates the lateral edge of the good just enough to redistribute some of the body weight ot the calcaneus and some to the head of the fifth metatarsal (that is, to the two ends of the arch), the cuboid bone is the keystone of this lateral arch
111
transverse arch
two longitudinal arches serve as pillars, runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other following the line of the joints between the tarsals and metatarsals
112
hip dysplasia
aka congenital dislocation of the hip, either the acetabulum fails to form completely or the ligaments of the hip joint are loose, so the head of the femur tends to slip out of its socket
113
clubfoot
soles of the feet turn medially and the toes point inferiorly
114
upper-lower (UL) body ration
"lower body segment (L) is the distance from the top of the pelvic girdle to the ground, whereas the upper body segment (U) is the difference between the lower body segment's hight and the person's totaly height; at birth the UL ratio is about 1.7:1, by age 10 the UL ratio is about 1:1 and changes little thereafter"
115
shoulder girdle, consists of a clavicle anteriorly and a scapula posteriorly
pectoral girdle
116
collarbones, slender, S-shaped bones that extend horizontally arcoss the superior thorax on the anterior surface
clavicles
117
of the clavical attaches to the manubrium medially
sternal end
118
of the clavicle articulates with the scapula laterally
acromial end
119
"near the acromial end provide attachment for a ligament that runs to the scapula's coracoid process"
trapezoid line and conoid tubercle
120
shoulder blades, thin, triangular, flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between rib 2 superiorly and rib 7 inferiorly
scapulae
121
shortest and sharpest of 3
superior border of scapulae
122
or vertebral border, papallels the vertebral column
medial border of scapulae
123
thick, axillary border, abuts the axilla (armpit) and ends superiorly in a shallow fossa, the glenoid cavity
laterial border of scapulae
124
articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint
glenoid cavity
125
glenoid cavity
"scapula's lateral angle"
126
where the superior and medial borders meet
"scapula's superior angle"
127
junction of the medial and lateral borders
"scapula's inferior angle"
128
projects anteriorly from the lateral port of the superior scapular border
coracoid process
129
just medial to the coracoid process, passageway for the suprascapular nerve
suprascapular notch
130
on the posterior surface, easily felt through the skin, ends laterally in a flat projection called the acromion
spine (scapula)
131
articulates with the arcomial end of the clavicle
acromion (scapula)
132
lie inferior and superior to the scapular spine
infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
133
shallow concavity formed by the entire anterior surface of the scapula
subscapular fossa
134
only bone of the arm, articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow
humerus
135
spearated by the intertubercular suclcus, or bicipital groove
greater tubercle and lesser tubercle (humerus)
136
guides a tendon of the biceps muscle to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity
interbucular sulcus
137
most frequently fractured part of the humerus, inferior to the tubercles
surgical neck (humerus)
138
midway down the shaft on the lateral side, V-shaped roughened area is an attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
deltoid tuberosity
139
descends obliquely near the deltoid tuberosity along the posterior surface of the shaft, marks the course of the radial nerve
radial groove
140
medial, condyle, articulates with the ulna
trochlea (humerus)
141
lateral, condyle, articulates with the radius
capitulum (humerus)
142
flank the trochlea and capitulum, attachment sites for muscles of the forearm
medial and lateral epicondyles
143
directly above the medial and lateral epicondyles (humerus)
medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
144
posterior surface of the humerus directly proximal to the trochlea
olecranon fossa
145
medially and laterally respectively, anterior surface of the humerous directly proximal to the trouchlea, receive similarly named projections of the forearm bones during forearm movement
coronoid fossa and radial fossa
146
connects the radius and ulna along their entire length by a flat ligament, or the tibia and fibula
interosseous membrane
147
grip the trochlea of the humerus, forming a hinge joint that allows the forearm to bend upon the arm (flex), then starighten again (extend)
olecranon and coronoid process
148
deep concavity seperating the olecranon and coronoid processes
trochlear notch
149
"""elbow"", slightly longer than the radius, main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus"
ulna
150
lateral side of the coronoid process is a smooth depression where the head of the raidus articulates with the ulna
radial notch
151
"""stake-shaped"", medial to the knoblike head, from which a ligament runs to the wrist"
ulnar styloid process
152
"""spoke"" or ""ray"", thin at its proximal end and widened at is distal end (the opposite of the ulna)"
radius
153
just distal to the head, on the anterior surface in anatomical position, a rough bump, a site of attachment of the biceps muscle
radial tuberosity
154
distal end of the radius, medial notch articulates with the head of the ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint
ulnar notch
155
lateral to the ulnar notch, anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist
radial styloid process
156
true wrist, proximal region of the hand, just distal to the wrist joint
carpus
157
eight marble-sized short bones of the carpus, closely united by ligaments
carpals
158
"""boat-shaped"", proximal row, lateral (thumb side), articulates with the radius to form the wrist joint"
scaphoid
159
"""triangular"", proximal row, 3rd bone lateral (thumb side)"
triquetrum
160
"""pea-shaped"", proximal row, medial (away from the thumb)"
pisiform
161
"""moonlike"", proximal row, 2nd bone lateral (thumb side), articulates with the radius to form the wrist joint"
lunate
162
"""little table"", distal row, lateral"
trapezium
163
"""four-sided"", distal row, 2nd bone laterally"
trapezoid
164
"""head-shaped"", distal row, 3rd bone laterally"
capitate
165
"""hooked"", distal row, medial"
hamate
166
radiate distally from the wrist to form the metacarpus, or falm of the hand, numbered I (thumb) to V
metacarpals
167
digits, or fingers (or toes), numbered I to V beginning with the thumb (or big toe), II-V have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal); the thumb (and big toe) has no middle phalanx
phalanges
168
attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis, consists of the paired hip bones and the sacrum (sometimes)
pelvic girdle
169
aka hip bone aka pelvic bone, unites with its partner anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly
coxal
170
at the Y-shaped junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis is a deep hemipsherical socket, on the lateral pelvic surface
acetabulum
171
"""flank"", large flaring bone that forms the suprior region of the hip bone, consists of the an inferior body and a superior winglike ala (wing)"
ilium
172
thickened superior margin of the ala
iliac crest
173
thickest part of the iliac crest which attaches many muscles
tubercle of the iliac crest
174
blunt and sharp ends respectively of ecah iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine is an especially prominent anatomical landmark and is easily felt through the skin
anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
175
inferior to the superior iliac spines
anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines
176
posteirorly, just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine, the ilium is deeply indented, the sciatic nerve passes through this notch to enter the posteior thigh
greater sciatic notch
177
broad posterolateral surface of the ilium, the gluteal surface, is crossed by three rides which define the attachment sites of the gluteal muscles
posteiror, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
178
broad concave sinternal surface of the iliac ala
iliac fossa
179
posterior to the iliac fossa, articulates with the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joint, the weight of the body is transmitted from the vertebral column to the pelvis through this joint
auricular surface
180
runs anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface, a robust ridge, helps define the superior boundary of the true pelvis
arcuate line
181
forms the posteroinferior region of the hip bone, shaped like an arc, has a thicker superior body and a thinner inferior ramus (branch)
ischium
182
triangular, lies posterior to the acetabulum and projects medially, attachment point for a ligament from the sacrum and coccyx, the sacrospinous ligament
ischial spine
183
just inferior to the ischial spine, passes nerves and vessels that serve the perineum (area around the anus and external genitalia)
lesser sciatic notch
184
inferior surface of the ischial body, rough and thickened, strongest part of the hip bone, bears entire weight of a sitting person, sacrotuberous ligament runs from the sacrum to each ischial tuberosity and helps hold the pelvis together
ischial tuberosity
185
"""sexually mature"", anterior region of the hip bone, lies nearly horizontally and the bladder rests upon it, V-shaped with superior and inferior rami extending from a flat body"
pubis
186
thickened anterior border of pubis
pubic crest
187
at the lateral end of the pubic crest, knoblike, an attachment point for the inguinal ligament
pubic tubercle
188
large hole occuring between the pubis and ischium, almost completely closed by a fibrous membrane, the obturator membrane
obturator foramen
189
continuous oval ridge that runs from the pubic crest through the arcuate line, the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala, and the sacral promontory, separates the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis
pelvic brim
190
sperior to the belvic brine, bounded by the alae of the iliac bones, part of the abdomen and contains abdominal organs
false pelvis
191
inferior to the pelvic brim, forms a deep bowl containing the pelvic organs
true pelvis
192
"delineated by the pelvic brim, largest diameter is from right to left in the frontal plane; as labor begins, the infant's head enters this inlet, its forehead facing one ilium and the back of its head facing the other (a sacral promontory too large can block the entry of the infant into the true pelvis)"
pelvic inlet
193
inferior margin of the true pelvis, boundaries are the pubic arch anteriorly, the ischial tuberosities laterally, and the sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, largest dimension of the pelvic outlet is the anteroposterior diameter
pelvic outlet
194
"""thigh"", single bone of the thigh, largest, longest, strongest bone of the body"
femur
195
"""pit of the head"", small central pit in the ball-like head of the femur, connects the short ligament of the head of the femur from this pit to the aceabulum of the hip bone"
fovea capitis
196
lateral and posteromedial respectively, sites of muschle attachment
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter (femur)
197
anterior and posteior respectively, interconnect the greater and lesser trochanters
intertrochanteric line and intertrochanteric crest
198
inferior to the introchanteric crest on the posterior surface of the shaft
gluteal tuberosity
199
the inferior part of the gluteal tuberosity blends into a long vertical ridge, also sites of muscle attachment
linea aspera
200
joint surfaces that articulate with the tibia
lateral and medial condyles
201
most raised points on the sides of the lateral and medial condyles to which muscles and ligaments attach
lateral and medial epicondyles
202
bump on the upper part of the medial epicondyle
adductor tubercle
203
anteriorly separates the lateral and medial condyles, articulates with the kneecap/patella
patellar surface
204
posteriarly separates the lateral and medial condyles
intercondylar fossa
205
extends superiorly from the respective condyles to the linea aspera
lateral and medial supracondylar lines
206
"""small pan"", triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muschles of the anterior thigh to the tibia"
patella
207
"""shinbone"", receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot, second only to femur in size and strength"
tibia
208
articulate with the corresponding condyles of the femur
medial and lateral condyles (tibia)
209
tibial condyles are separated by an irregular proection
intercondylar eminence
210
"inferior to the medial and lateral condyles, on the tibia's anterior surface, is the attachment side of the patellar ligament"
tibial tuberosity
211
sharp, lies just below the skin and is easily palpated
anterior border (tibia)
212
"""little hammer"", forms the medial bulge of the ankle, inferior projection medial to the surface of the tibia-talus joint"
medial malleolus
213
lateral side of the distal tibia, articulates with the fibula, forming the inferior tibiofibular joint
fibular notch
214
"""pin"", lateral to the tibia, is a thin long bone with two exanded ends, the head and the lateral malleolus"
fibula
215
forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus bone of the foot
lateral malleolus (fibula)
216
posterior half of the foot, contains seven bones called tarsals
tarsus
217
"""ankle"", articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, carries weight of the body primarily (with calcaneus)"
talus
218
"""heal bone"", forms heel of the foot, carries weight of the body primarily (with talus)"
calcaneus
219
tibia articulates with the talus
trochlea of the talus
220
the part of the calcaneus that touches the ground
calcaneal tuberosity
221
"""supporter of the talus"" aka talar shelf, medial, shelf-like projection of the calcaneus"
sustentaculum tali
222
consists of five small long bones called metatarsals, numbered I-V beginning on the medial side of the foot
metatarsus
223
curves well above the ground, the talus near the talonavicular joint is the keystone of this arch which originates at the calcaneus rises to the talus and then descends to the three medial metatarsals
medial longitudinal arch
224
very low, elevates the lateral edge of the good just enough to redistribute some of the body weight ot the calcaneus and some to the head of the fifth metatarsal (that is, to the two ends of the arch), the cuboid bone is the keystone of this lateral arch
lateral longitudinal arch
225
two longitudinal arches serve as pillars, runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other following the line of the joints between the tarsals and metatarsals
transverse arch
226
aka congenital dislocation of the hip, either the acetabulum fails to form completely or the ligaments of the hip joint are loose, so the head of the femur tends to slip out of its socket
hip dysplasia
227
soles of the feet turn medially and the toes point inferiorly
clubfoot
228
"lower body segment (L) is the distance from the top of the pelvic girdle to the ground, whereas the upper body segment (U) is the difference between the lower body segment's hight and the person's totaly height; at birth the UL ratio is about 1.7:1, by age 10 the UL ratio is about 1:1 and changes little thereafter"
upper-lower (UL) body ration
