Anatomy_ Muscle Tables_3 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
adductor brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–body and inferior ramus of pubis<br></br>I–linea aspera above adductor longus
2
Q
adductor magnus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and adductor tubercle of femur
3
Q
gluteus maximus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx<br></br>I–gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract
4
Q
gluteus medius: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium<br></br>I–by short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur
5
Q
gluteus minimus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–between anterior and inferior gluteal lines on external surface of ilium<br></br>I–anterior border of greater trochanter of femur
6
Q
biceps femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–ischial tuberosity (longe head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line, and distal femur (short head)<br></br>I–common tendon passes downward and latterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
7
Q
semitendinosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–medial aspect of upper tibial shaft
8
Q
semimembranosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–medial condyle of tibia; through oblique ligament of knee to lateral condyle of femur
9
Q
piriformis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–anterolateral surface of sacrum (opposite greater sciatic notch)<br></br>I–superior border of greater trochanter of femur
10
Q
obturator externus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–outer surface of obturator membrane, external surface of pubis and ischium, and margins of obturator foramen<br></br>I–by a tendon into trochanteric fossa of posterior femur
11
Q
obturator internus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–inner surface of obturator membrane, greater sciatic notch, and margins of obturator foramen<br></br>I–greater trochanter in front of piriformis
12
Q
gemellus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–ischial spine (superior); ischial tuberosity (inferior)<br></br>I–greater trochanter of femur
13
Q
quadratus femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–ischial tuberosity<br></br>I–intertrochanteric crest of femur
14
Q
tibialis anterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of tibial shaft; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–by tendon into inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
15
Q
extensor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–lateral condyle of tibia; proximal three-fourths of fibula; interosseous membrane<br></br>I–middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V via extensor expansion
16
Q
fibularis (peroneus) tertius: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–distal anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon inserts on dorsum of fifth metatarsal
17
Q
extensor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–anteriomedial fibula shaft and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–tendon inserts on distal phalanx of great toe
18
Q
fibularis (peroneus) longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–head and upper portion of lateral side of fibula<br></br>I–by long tendon that curves under foot to first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
19
Q
fibularis (peroneus) brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–distal fibula shaft<br></br>I–by tendon running behind lateral malleolus to insert on proximal end of fifth metatarsal
20
Q
gastrocnemius: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–by two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur<br></br>I–posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
21
Q
soleus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–extensive cone-shaped origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane<br></br>I–as for gastrocnemius (posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon)
22
Q
plantaris: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–posterior femur above lateral condyle<br></br>I–via a long, thin tendon into calcaneous or calcaneal tendon
23
Q
popliteus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus of knee<br></br>I–proximal tibia
24
Q
flexor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
A
O–extensive origin on the posterior tibia<br></br>I–tendon runs behind medial malleolus and splits to insert into distal phalanges of toes II-V
25
flexor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--middle part of shaft of fibula; interosseous membrane
I--tendon runs under foot to distal phalanx of great toe
I--tendon runs under foot to distal phalanx of great toe
26
tibialis posterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--superior tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane
I--tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV
I--tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV
27
extensor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--anterior part of calcaneus bone; extensor retinaculum
I--base of proximal phalanx of big toe; extensor expansions on toes II-IV
I--base of proximal phalanx of big toe; extensor expansions on toes II-IV
28
flexor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--calcaneal tuberosity
I--middle phalanx of toes II-IV
I--middle phalanx of toes II-IV
29
abductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum
I--proximal phalanx of great toe, medial side, through a tendon shared with flexor hallucis brevis
I--proximal phalanx of great toe, medial side, through a tendon shared with flexor hallucis brevis
30
flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--medial and lateral sides of calcaneus
I--tendon of flexor digitorum longus in midsole
I--tendon of flexor digitorum longus in midsole
31
flexor hallucis brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones
I--via two tendons onto both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe; each tendon has a sesamoid bone in it
I--via two tendons onto both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe; each tendon has a sesamoid bone in it
32
adductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
O--from bases of metatarsals II-IV and from sheath of fibularis longus tedon (oblique head); from a ligament across metatarsophalangeal joints (transverse head)
I--base of proximal phalanx of great toe, lateral side
I--base of proximal phalanx of great toe, lateral side
33
plantar and dorsal interossei: origin (O) and insertion (I)
see palmar and dorsal interossei:
O--O--the side of each metacarpal that faces the midaxis of the foot (metatarsal III); but absent from metatarsal III
I--extensor expansion on first phalanx of each toe (except toe III), on side facing midaxis of foot
O--sides of metatarsals
I--extensor expansion over first phalanx of toes II-IV on side opposide midaxis of foot (toe III), but on both sides of toe III
O--O--the side of each metacarpal that faces the midaxis of the foot (metatarsal III); but absent from metatarsal III
I--extensor expansion on first phalanx of each toe (except toe III), on side facing midaxis of foot
O--sides of metatarsals
I--extensor expansion over first phalanx of toes II-IV on side opposide midaxis of foot (toe III), but on both sides of toe III
34
frontal belly: action
with aponeurosis fixed, elevates the eyebrows (as in surprise); wrinkles forehead skin horizontally
35
occipital belly: action
fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
36
corrugator supercilli: action
draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically
37
orbicularios oculi: action
closes eye; produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
38
zygomaticus: action
raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling muscle)
39
orbicularis oris: action
closes lips; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and whistling muscle
40
mentalis: action
wrinkles chin; protrudes lower lip
41
platysma: action
tenses skin of neck (eg., during shaving); helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down
42
risorius: action
draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist of zigomaticus
43
levator labii superioris: action
opens libs; elevates and furrows the upper lip
44
depressor labii inferioris: action
depresses lower lip (as in a pout)
45
depressor anguli oris: action
draws corners of mouth inferiorly and laterally (as in a frown); zygomaticus antagonist
46
buccinator: action
compresses cheek (as in whistling and sucking); draws corner of mouth laterally: holds food between teeth during chewing; well developed in nursing infants
47
masseter: action
closes jaw; elevates mandible
48
temporalis: action
closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible; maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep anterior part may help protract mandible
49
medial pterygoid: action
acts with lateral pterygoid muscle to protract mandible and to produce side-to-side (grinding) movements; synergist of temporalist and masseter muscles in elevation of the mandible
50
lateral pterygoid: action
protracts mandible and produces side-to-side grinding movements of the lower teeth
51
genioglossus: action
protracts tongue; can depress or, in cerent with other extrinsic muscles, retract tongue
52
hyoglossus: action
depresses tongue and draws its sides inferiorly
53
styloglossus: action
retracts and elevates tongue
54
digastric: action
open moth and depress mandible; acting together, the digastric muscles elevate hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech
55
stylohyoid: action
elevates and retracts hyoid, thereby elongating floor of mouth during swallowing
56
mylohyoid: action
elevates hyid bone and floor of mouth, enabling tongue to exert backward and upward pressure that forces food bolus into pharynx
57
geniohyoid: action
elevates and protracts the hyoid, shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food during swallowing
58
sternohyoid: action
depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is fixed
59
sternothyroid: action
depresses larynx and hyoid bone
60
omohyoid: action
depresses and retracts hyoid bone
61
thyrohyoid: action
depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed
62
sternocleidomastoid: action
flexes and laterally rotates the head; simultaneous contraction of both muscles causes neck flexion; acting alone, each muscle rotates head toward shoulder on opposite side and tilts or laterally flexes head to its own side
63
scalenes: action
elevate first two ribs (aid in inspiration); flex and rotate neck
64
splenius: action
extend the head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side
65
iliocostalis: action
extend and laterally flex the vertebral column, maintain erect posture; acting on one side, bend vertebral column to same side
66
longissimus: action
thtoracis and cervicis act to extend and laterally flex vertebral column; acting on one side causes lateral flexion; capitis extends and rotates the head toward same side
67
spinalis: action
extends vertebral column
68
semispinalis: action
extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscle of opposite side
69
quadratus lumborum: action
flexes vertebral column laterally when acting separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is extended, and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright posture; assists in forced inspiration
70
external intercostals: action
with first ribs fixed by scalene muscles, the external intercostals pull ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aid in inspiration; synergists of diaphragm
71
internal intercostals: action
with 12th ribs fixed by quadratus lumborum, muscles of posterior abdominal wall, and oblique muscles of the abdominal wall, the internal intercostals draw ribs together and depress rib cage; aid in forced expiration; antagonistic to external intercostals
72
diphragm: action
prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted, dramatically increases intra-abdominal pressure
73
external oblique: action
flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls
74
internal oblique: action
as for external oblique: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls
75
transversus abdominis: action
compresses abdominal contents
76
rectus abdominis: action
flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column; fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking, increase intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit-ups/curls
77
levator ani: action
supports and maintains position of pelvic organs; resists downward throusts that accompany rises in intrapelvic pressure during coughing, vomiting, and expulsive efforts of abdominal muscles; forms sphincters at anorectal junction and vagina; lifts anal canal during defecation
78
coccygeus: action
supports pelvic organs; supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been reflected posteriorly by defecation and childbirth
79
deep transverse perineal muscle: action
supports pelvic organs; steadies the perineal body
80
external urethral sphincter: action
constricts urethra; allows voluntary inhibition of urination; helps support pelvic organs
81
ischocaveronsus: action
retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris
82
bulbospongiosus: action
empties male urethra; assists in erection of penis and clitoris
83
superficial transverse perineal muscle: action
stabilizes and strengthens the perineal body
84
pectoralis minor: action
with ribs fixed, protracts and rotates scapula downward; with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly
85
surratus anterior: action
"rotates scapula upward; prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; important role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizontal arm movements (pushing, punching); called ""boxer's muscle"""
86
subclavius: action
helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle
87
trapezius: action
stabilizes, elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; middle fibers retract (adduct) scapula; superior fibers elevate scapula (as in shrugging shoulders) or can help extend head when scapula is fixed; inferior fibers depress scapula (and shoulder)
88
levator scapulae: action
elevates and adducts scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius; rotate scapulae downward; when scapula is fixed, flexes neck to same side
89
rhomboids: action
"stabilize scapula; act together (and with middle trapezius fibers) to retract scapula, thus ""squaring shoulders""; rotate scapulae downward (as when arm is lowered against resistance; e.g., paddling a canoe)"
90
pectoralis major: action
prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm against resistance; with scapula (and arm) fixed, pulls rib cage upward, and thus can help in climbing, throwing, pushing, and in forced inspiration
91
deltoid: action
prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously; antagonist of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, which adduct the arm; if only anterior fibers are active, can act powerfully in flexion and medial rotation of arm, and is therefore synergist of pectoralis major; if only posterior fibers are active, causes extension and lateral rotation of arm; active during rhythmic arm swinging movements during walking
92
latissimus dorsi: action
prime mover of arm extension; adduction and medial rotation of arm; it plays an important role in bringing the arm down in a power stroke, as in striking a blow, hammering, and swimming; with arms reaching overhead, it pulls the rest of the ody upward and forward, as in chin-ups
93
teres major: action
extends, medially rotates, and adducts the arm; synergist of latissimus dorsi
94
subscapularis: action
medically rotates arm; assisted by pectoralis major; hepls to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing shoulder joint
95
supraspinatus: action
initiates abduction of arm; stabilizes shoulder joint; helps to prevent downward dislocation of humerus, as when carrying a heavy suitcase
96
infraspinatus: action
laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint
97
teres minor: action
same actions as infraspinatus muscle: laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint)
98
coracobrachialis: action
flexion and adduction of arm; synergist of pectoralis major
99
triceps brachii: action
powerful forearm extensor (prime mover, particularly medial head); antagonist of forearm flexors; long and lateral heads mainly active in extension against resistance; long head tendon may help stabilize shoulder joint and assist in arm adduction
100
anconeus: action
abducts ulna during forearm pronation; synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension
101
brachioradialis: action
synergist in forearm flexion; acts to best advantage when forearm is partially flexed and semipronated, as when carrying luggage; stabilizes the elbow during rapid flexion and extension
102
biceps brachii: action
flexes and supinates forearm; these actions usually occur at some time (e.g., when you open a bottle of wine it turns the corkscrew and pulls the cork); weak flexor of arm at shoulder
103
brachialis: action
flexes forearm (lifts ulna as biceps lifts the radius)
104
pronator teres: action
pronates forearm; weak flexor of forearm
105
flexor carpi radialis: action
powerful flexor of hand; abducts hand; weak synergist of forearm flexion
106
palmaris longus: action
tenses skin and fascia of falm during hand movements; weak hand flexor; weak synergist for forearm flexion
107
flexor carpi ulnaris: action
flexes and adducts hand with extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior muscle); stabilizes wrist during finger extension
108
flexor digitorum superficialis: action
flexes hand and middle phalanges of fingersII-V; the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance ar required
109
flexor pollicis longus: action
flexes distal phalanx of thumb
110
flexor digitorum profundus: action
flexes distal interphalangeal joints; slow-acting flexor of any or all fingers; assists in flexing hand
111
pronator quadratus: action
prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with pronator teres; also helps hold ulna and radius together
112
extensor carpi radialis longus: action
extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts hand in conjunction with the flexor carpi radialis
113
extensor carpi radialis brevis: action
extends and abducts hand; acts synergistically with extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist during finger flexion
114
extensor digitorum: action
prime mover of finger extension; extends hand; can abduct (flare) fingers
115
extensor carpi ulnaris: action
extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi radialis and adducts hand in conjunction with flexor carpi ulnaris
116
supinator: action
assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm; works alone in slow supination; antagonist of pronator muscles
117
abductor pollicis longus: action
abducts and extends thumb
118
extensor pollicis brevis and longus: action
extends thumb
119
extensor indicis: action
extends index finger and assists in hand extension
120
abductor pollicis brevis: action
abducts thumb (at carpometacarpal joint)
121
flexor pollicis brevis: action
flexes thumb (at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints)
122
opponens pollicis: action
opposition: moves thumb to touch tip of little finger
123
adductor pollicis: action
adducts and helps to oppose thumb
124
abductor digiti minimi: action
abducts little finger at metacarpopholangeal joint
abducts and flexes little toe
abducts and flexes little toe
125
flexor digiti minimi brevis: action
flexes little finger[toe] at metacarpo[tarso]phalangeal joint
126
opponens digit minimi: action
helps in opposition: brings metacarpal V toward thumb to cup the hand
127
lumbricals: action
by pulling on the extensor expansion over the first phalanx, they flex fingers[toes] at metacarpo[tarso]phalongeal joints but extend fingers[toes] at interphalangeal joints
128
palmar interossei: action
adduct fingers; pull fingers in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints
129
dorsal interossei: action
abduct fingers; extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints
130
iliacus: action
iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing)
131
psoas major: action
as above: iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing); also causes lateral flexion of vertebral column; important postural muscle
132
tensor fasciae latae: action
steadies trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut; flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh
133
sartorius: action
flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes leg (weak) as in a soccer kick; helps produce the cross-legged position
134
rectus femoris: action
extends leg and flexes thigh
135
vastus lateralis: action
extends leg and stabilizes knee
136
vastus medialis: action
extends leg; inferior fibers stabilize patella
137
vastus intermedius: action
extends leg
138
pectineus: action
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
139
gracilis: action
adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg, especially during walking
140
adductor longus: action
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
141
adductor brevis: action
adducts and medially rotates thigh
142
adductor magnus: action
anterior part adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh; posterior part is a synergist of hamstrings in thigh extension
143
gluteus maximus: action
major extensor of thigh; complex, powerful, and most effective when thigh is flexed and force is necessary, as in climbing stairs and running; generally inactive during standing and walking; laterally rotates and abducts thigh
144
gluteus medius: action
abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground
145
gluteus minimus: action
as for gluteus medius: abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground
146
biceps femoris: action
extends thigh and flexes leg; laterally rotates leg when knee is semiflexed
147
semitendinosus: action
extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg
148
semimembranosus: action
extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg
149
piriformis: action
rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
150
obturator externus: action
as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
151
obturator internus: action
as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
152
gemellus: action
as for piriformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
153
quadratus femoris: action
rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint
154
tibialis anterior: action
prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot; assists in supporting medial longitudinal arch of foot
155
extensor digitorum longus: action
prime mover of toe extension (acts mainly at metatarsophalangeal joints); dorsiflexes foot
156
fibularis (peroneus) tertius: action
dorsiflexes and everts foot
157
extensor hallucis longus: action
extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot
158
fibularis (peroneus) longus: action
plantar flexes and everts foot
159
fibularis (peronius) brevis: action
plantar flexes and everts food
160
gastrocnemius: action
plantar flexes foot when leg is extended; because it also crosses knee joint, it can flex leg when foot is dorsiflexed
161
soleus: action
plantar flexes foot; important locomotor and postural muscle during walking, running, and dancing
162
plantaris: action
assists in leg flexion and plantar flexion of foot
163
popliteus: action
flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension when flexion begins; with tibia fixed, rotates thigh laterally
164
flexor digitorum longus: action
"flantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes toes; helps foot ""grip"" ground"
165
flexor hallucis longus: action
"plantar flexes an inverts foot; flexes great toe at all joints; ""push off"" muscle during walking"
166
tibialis posterior: action
prime mover of foot inversion; plantar flexes foot; stabilizes medial longitudinal arch of foot
167
extensor digitorum brevis: action
helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints
168
flexor digitorum brevis: action
flexes toes
169
abductor hallucis: action
abducts great toe
170
flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): action
straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus
171
flexor hallucis brevis: action
flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
172
adductor hallucis: action
helps maintain the transverse arch of foot; weak adductor of great toe
173
plantar and dorsal interossei: action
see palmar and dorsal interossei:
adduct toes; pull toes in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarsophalangeal joints
abduct toes; extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metatarsophalangeal joints
adduct toes; pull toes in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarsophalangeal joints
abduct toes; extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metatarsophalangeal joints
174
epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
muscles of the head, facial expression
Bipartite muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp anterioly and posteriorly
Bipartite muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp anterioly and posteriorly
175
frontal belly: nerve supply
facial nerve (cranial VII)
176
frontal belly
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the scalp
muscles of the scalp
177
occipital belly
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the scalp
muscles of the scalp
178
occipital belly: nerve supply
facial nerve
179
corrugator supercilii
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(corrugo=wrinkle, supercilium=eyebrow)
muscles of the face
(corrugo=wrinkle, supercilium=eyebrow)
180
corrugator supercilii: nerve supply
facial nerve
181
orbicularis oculi: nerve supply
facial nerve
182
orbicularis oculi
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(orb=circular, ocul=eye)
muscles of the face
(orb=circular, ocul=eye)
183
zygomaticus
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
major and minor
(zygomatic=cheekbone)
muscles of the face
major and minor
(zygomatic=cheekbone)
184
zygomaticus: nerve supply
facial nerve
185
orbicularis oris
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(or=mouth)
muscles of the face
(or=mouth)
186
orbicularis oris: nerve supply
facial nerve
187
mentalis: nerve supply
facial nerve
188
mentalis
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(ment=chin)
muscles of the face
(ment=chin)
189
platysma
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(platy=broad, flat)
muscles of the face
(platy=broad, flat)
190
platysma: nerve supply
facial nerve
191
risorius
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(risor=laughter)
muscles of the face
(risor=laughter)
192
risorius: nerve supply
facial nerve
193
levator labii superioris
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(leva=raise, labi=lip, superior=above, over)
muscles of the face
(leva=raise, labi=lip, superior=above, over)
194
levator labii superioris: nerve supply
facial nerve
195
depressor labii inferioris: nerve supply
facial nerve
196
depressor labii inferioris
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(depressor=depresses, infer=below)
muscles of the face
(depressor=depresses, infer=below)
197
depressor anguli oris
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(angul=angle, corner, or=mouth)
muscles of the face
(angul=angle, corner, or=mouth)
198
depressor anguli oris: nerve supply
facial nerve
199
buccinator
"muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the headmastication and tongue movement
muscles of the face, muscles of mastication
(bucc=cheek or ""trumpeter"")"
muscles of the headmastication and tongue movement
muscles of the face, muscles of mastication
(bucc=cheek or ""trumpeter"")"
200
buccinator: nerve supply
facial nerve (cranial VII)
201
masseter
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(maseter=chewer)
muscles of mastication
(maseter=chewer)
202
masseter: nerve supply
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V)
203
temporalis
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(tempora=time, pertaning to the temporal bone)
muscles of mastication
(tempora=time, pertaning to the temporal bone)
204
temporalis: nerve supply
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
205
medial pterygoid
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(medial=toward median plane, pterygoid=winglike)
muscles of mastication
(medial=toward median plane, pterygoid=winglike)
206
medial pterygoid: nerve supply
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
207
lateral pterygoid
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(lateral=away from median plane)
muscles of mastication
(lateral=away from median plane)
208
lateral pterygoid: nerve supply
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
209
genioglossus
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(geni=chin, glossus=tongue)
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(geni=chin, glossus=tongue)
210
genioglossus: nerve supply
hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)
211
hyoglossus
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(hyo=pertaining to hyoid bone)
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(hyo=pertaining to hyoid bone)
212
hyoglossus: nerve supply
hypoglossal nerve
213
styloglossus
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(stylo=pertaining to styloid process)
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(stylo=pertaining to styloid process)
214
styloglussus: nerve supply
hypoglossal nerve
215
suprahyoid muscles
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone
muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone
216
digastric
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
(di=two, gaster=belly)
suprahyoid muscles
(di=two, gaster=belly)
217
digastric: nerve supply
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V) for anterior belly; facial nerve (cranial VII) for posterior belly
218
stylohyoid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
suprahyoid muscles
219
stylohyoid: nerve supply
facial nerve
220
mylohyoid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
(myle=molar)
suprahyoid muscles
(myle=molar)
221
mylohyoid: nerve supply
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
222
geniohyoid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
(geni=chin)
suprahyoid muscles
(geni=chin)
223
geniohyoid: nerve supply
first cervical spinal nerve via hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)
224
infrahyoid muscles
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
225
sternohyoid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
(sterno=sternum)
infrahyoid muscles
(sterno=sternum)
226
sternohyoid: nerve supply
C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)
227
sternothyroid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
(thyro=thyroid cartilage)
infrahyoid muscles
(thyro=thyroid cartilage)
228
sternothyroid: nerve supply
as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)
229
omohyoid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
(omo=shoulder)
infrahyoid muscles
(omo=shoulder)
230
omohyoid: nerve supply
as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)
231
thyrohyoid
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
infrahyoid muscles
232
thyrohyoid: nerve supply
first cervical nerve via hypoglossal
233
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
234
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors: nerve supply
pharyngeal plexus [branches of vagus nerve (cranial X)]
235
sternocleidomastoid
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
anterolateral neck muscles
(sterno=breastbone, cleido=clavicle, mastoid=mastoid process)
anterolateral neck muscles
(sterno=breastbone, cleido=clavicle, mastoid=mastoid process)
236
sternocleidomastoid: nerve supply
accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI); cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3 (ventral rami)
237
scalenes
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
anterolateral neck muscles
anterior, middle, and posterior
(scalene=uneven)
anterolateral neck muscles
anterior, middle, and posterior
(scalene=uneven)
238
scalenes: nerve supply
cervical spinal nerves
239
splenius
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
capitis and cervicis portions
(splenion=bandage, caput=head, cervi=neck)
deep back muscles
capitis and cervicis portions
(splenion=bandage, caput=head, cervi=neck)
240
splenius: nerve supply
cervical spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
241
iliocostalis
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and neck extension
deep back muscles
lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis portions
(ilio=ilium, cost=rib)
deep back muscles
lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis portions
(ilio=ilium, cost=rib)
242
iliocostalis: nerve supply
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
243
longissimus
muscles of the neck and vertebral culmun, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts, (longuissimus=longest)
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts, (longuissimus=longest)
244
longissimus: nerve supply
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
245
spinalis
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
theracis and cervicis parts
(spin=vertibral column, spine)
deep back muscles
theracis and cervicis parts
(spin=vertibral column, spine)
246
spinalis: nerve supply
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
247
semispinalis
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis regions
(semi=half, thorac=thorax)
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis regions
(semi=half, thorac=thorax)
248
semispinalis: nerve supply
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
249
quadratus lumborum
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
(quad=four-sided, lumb=lumbar region)
deep back muscles
(quad=four-sided, lumb=lumbar region)
250
quadratus lumborum: nerve supply
T12 and upper lumbar spinal nerves (ventral rami)
251
O--body and inferior ramus of pubis
I--linea aspera above adductor longus
I--linea aspera above adductor longus
adductor brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
252
O--ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity
I--linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and adductor tubercle of femur
I--linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and adductor tubercle of femur
adductor magnus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
253
O--dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
I--gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract
I--gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract
gluteus maximus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
254
O--between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium
I--by short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur
I--by short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur
gluteus medius: origin (O) and insertion (I)
255
O--between anterior and inferior gluteal lines on external surface of ilium
I--anterior border of greater trochanter of femur
I--anterior border of greater trochanter of femur
gluteus minimus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
256
O--ischial tuberosity (longe head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line, and distal femur (short head)
I--common tendon passes downward and latterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
I--common tendon passes downward and latterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
biceps femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)
257
O--ischial tuberosity
I--medial aspect of upper tibial shaft
I--medial aspect of upper tibial shaft
semitendinosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
258
O--ischial tuberosity
I--medial condyle of tibia; through oblique ligament of knee to lateral condyle of femur
I--medial condyle of tibia; through oblique ligament of knee to lateral condyle of femur
semimembranosus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
259
O--anterolateral surface of sacrum (opposite greater sciatic notch)
I--superior border of greater trochanter of femur
I--superior border of greater trochanter of femur
piriformis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
260
O--outer surface of obturator membrane, external surface of pubis and ischium, and margins of obturator foramen
I--by a tendon into trochanteric fossa of posterior femur
I--by a tendon into trochanteric fossa of posterior femur
obturator externus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
261
O--inner surface of obturator membrane, greater sciatic notch, and margins of obturator foramen
I--greater trochanter in front of piriformis
I--greater trochanter in front of piriformis
obturator internus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
262
O--ischial spine (superior); ischial tuberosity (inferior)
I--greater trochanter of femur
I--greater trochanter of femur
gemellus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
263
O--ischial tuberosity
I--intertrochanteric crest of femur
I--intertrochanteric crest of femur
quadratus femoris: origin (O) and insertion (I)
264
O--lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of tibial shaft; interosseous membrane
I--by tendon into inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
I--by tendon into inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
tibialis anterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)
265
O--lateral condyle of tibia; proximal three-fourths of fibula; interosseous membrane
I--middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V via extensor expansion
I--middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V via extensor expansion
extensor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
266
O--distal anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
I--tendon inserts on dorsum of fifth metatarsal
I--tendon inserts on dorsum of fifth metatarsal
fibularis (peroneus) tertius: origin (O) and insertion (I)
267
O--anteriomedial fibula shaft and interosseous membrane
I--tendon inserts on distal phalanx of great toe
I--tendon inserts on distal phalanx of great toe
extensor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
268
O--head and upper portion of lateral side of fibula
I--by long tendon that curves under foot to first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
I--by long tendon that curves under foot to first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
fibularis (peroneus) longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
269
O--distal fibula shaft
I--by tendon running behind lateral malleolus to insert on proximal end of fifth metatarsal
I--by tendon running behind lateral malleolus to insert on proximal end of fifth metatarsal
fibularis (peroneus) brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
270
O--by two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur
I--posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
I--posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
gastrocnemius: origin (O) and insertion (I)
271
O--extensive cone-shaped origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
I--as for gastrocnemius (posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon)
I--as for gastrocnemius (posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon)
soleus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
272
O--posterior femur above lateral condyle
I--via a long, thin tendon into calcaneous or calcaneal tendon
I--via a long, thin tendon into calcaneous or calcaneal tendon
plantaris: origin (O) and insertion (I)
273
O--lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus of knee
I--proximal tibia
I--proximal tibia
popliteus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
274
O--extensive origin on the posterior tibia
I--tendon runs behind medial malleolus and splits to insert into distal phalanges of toes II-V
I--tendon runs behind medial malleolus and splits to insert into distal phalanges of toes II-V
flexor digitorum longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
275
O--middle part of shaft of fibula; interosseous membrane
I--tendon runs under foot to distal phalanx of great toe
I--tendon runs under foot to distal phalanx of great toe
flexor hallucis longus: origin (O) and insertion (I)
276
O--superior tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane
I--tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV
I--tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV
tibialis posterior: origin (O) and insertion (I)
277
O--anterior part of calcaneus bone; extensor retinaculum
I--base of proximal phalanx of big toe; extensor expansions on toes II-IV
I--base of proximal phalanx of big toe; extensor expansions on toes II-IV
extensor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
278
O--calcaneal tuberosity
I--middle phalanx of toes II-IV
I--middle phalanx of toes II-IV
flexor digitorum brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
279
O--calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum
I--proximal phalanx of great toe, medial side, through a tendon shared with flexor hallucis brevis
I--proximal phalanx of great toe, medial side, through a tendon shared with flexor hallucis brevis
abductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
280
O--medial and lateral sides of calcaneus
I--tendon of flexor digitorum longus in midsole
I--tendon of flexor digitorum longus in midsole
flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): origin (O) and insertion (I)
281
O--lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones
I--via two tendons onto both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe; each tendon has a sesamoid bone in it
I--via two tendons onto both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe; each tendon has a sesamoid bone in it
flexor hallucis brevis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
282
O--from bases of metatarsals II-IV and from sheath of fibularis longus tedon (oblique head); from a ligament across metatarsophalangeal joints (transverse head)
I--base of proximal phalanx of great toe, lateral side
I--base of proximal phalanx of great toe, lateral side
adductor hallucis: origin (O) and insertion (I)
283
see palmar and dorsal interossei:
O--O--the side of each metacarpal that faces the midaxis of the foot (metatarsal III); but absent from metatarsal III
I--extensor expansion on first phalanx of each toe (except toe III), on side facing midaxis of foot
O--sides of metatarsals
I--extensor expansion over first phalanx of toes II-IV on side opposide midaxis of foot (toe III), but on both sides of toe III
O--O--the side of each metacarpal that faces the midaxis of the foot (metatarsal III); but absent from metatarsal III
I--extensor expansion on first phalanx of each toe (except toe III), on side facing midaxis of foot
O--sides of metatarsals
I--extensor expansion over first phalanx of toes II-IV on side opposide midaxis of foot (toe III), but on both sides of toe III
plantar and dorsal interossei: origin (O) and insertion (I)
284
with aponeurosis fixed, elevates the eyebrows (as in surprise); wrinkles forehead skin horizontally
frontal belly: action
285
fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
occipital belly: action
286
draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically
corrugator supercilli: action
287
closes eye; produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
orbicularios oculi: action
288
raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling muscle)
zygomaticus: action
289
closes lips; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and whistling muscle
orbicularis oris: action
290
wrinkles chin; protrudes lower lip
mentalis: action
291
tenses skin of neck (eg., during shaving); helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down
platysma: action
292
draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist of zigomaticus
risorius: action
293
opens libs; elevates and furrows the upper lip
levator labii superioris: action
294
depresses lower lip (as in a pout)
depressor labii inferioris: action
295
draws corners of mouth inferiorly and laterally (as in a frown); zygomaticus antagonist
depressor anguli oris: action
296
compresses cheek (as in whistling and sucking); draws corner of mouth laterally: holds food between teeth during chewing; well developed in nursing infants
buccinator: action
297
closes jaw; elevates mandible
masseter: action
298
closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible; maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep anterior part may help protract mandible
temporalis: action
299
acts with lateral pterygoid muscle to protract mandible and to produce side-to-side (grinding) movements; synergist of temporalist and masseter muscles in elevation of the mandible
medial pterygoid: action
300
protracts mandible and produces side-to-side grinding movements of the lower teeth
lateral pterygoid: action
301
protracts tongue; can depress or, in cerent with other extrinsic muscles, retract tongue
genioglossus: action
302
depresses tongue and draws its sides inferiorly
hyoglossus: action
303
retracts and elevates tongue
styloglossus: action
304
open moth and depress mandible; acting together, the digastric muscles elevate hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech
digastric: action
305
elevates and retracts hyoid, thereby elongating floor of mouth during swallowing
stylohyoid: action
306
elevates hyid bone and floor of mouth, enabling tongue to exert backward and upward pressure that forces food bolus into pharynx
mylohyoid: action
307
elevates and protracts the hyoid, shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food during swallowing
geniohyoid: action
308
depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is fixed
sternohyoid: action
309
depresses larynx and hyoid bone
sternothyroid: action
310
depresses and retracts hyoid bone
omohyoid: action
311
depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed
thyrohyoid: action
312
flexes and laterally rotates the head; simultaneous contraction of both muscles causes neck flexion; acting alone, each muscle rotates head toward shoulder on opposite side and tilts or laterally flexes head to its own side
sternocleidomastoid: action
313
elevate first two ribs (aid in inspiration); flex and rotate neck
scalenes: action
314
extend the head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side
splenius: action
315
extend and laterally flex the vertebral column, maintain erect posture; acting on one side, bend vertebral column to same side
iliocostalis: action
316
thtoracis and cervicis act to extend and laterally flex vertebral column; acting on one side causes lateral flexion; capitis extends and rotates the head toward same side
longissimus: action
317
extends vertebral column
spinalis: action
318
extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscle of opposite side
semispinalis: action
319
flexes vertebral column laterally when acting separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is extended, and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright posture; assists in forced inspiration
quadratus lumborum: action
320
with first ribs fixed by scalene muscles, the external intercostals pull ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aid in inspiration; synergists of diaphragm
external intercostals: action
321
with 12th ribs fixed by quadratus lumborum, muscles of posterior abdominal wall, and oblique muscles of the abdominal wall, the internal intercostals draw ribs together and depress rib cage; aid in forced expiration; antagonistic to external intercostals
internal intercostals: action
322
prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted, dramatically increases intra-abdominal pressure
diphragm: action
323
flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls
external oblique: action
324
as for external oblique: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall when pair contracts simultaneously; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls
internal oblique: action
325
compresses abdominal contents
transversus abdominis: action
326
flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column; fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking, increase intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit-ups/curls
rectus abdominis: action
327
supports and maintains position of pelvic organs; resists downward throusts that accompany rises in intrapelvic pressure during coughing, vomiting, and expulsive efforts of abdominal muscles; forms sphincters at anorectal junction and vagina; lifts anal canal during defecation
levator ani: action
328
supports pelvic organs; supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been reflected posteriorly by defecation and childbirth
coccygeus: action
329
supports pelvic organs; steadies the perineal body
deep transverse perineal muscle: action
330
constricts urethra; allows voluntary inhibition of urination; helps support pelvic organs
external urethral sphincter: action
331
retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris
ischocaveronsus: action
332
empties male urethra; assists in erection of penis and clitoris
bulbospongiosus: action
333
stabilizes and strengthens the perineal body
superficial transverse perineal muscle: action
334
with ribs fixed, protracts and rotates scapula downward; with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly
pectoralis minor: action
335
"rotates scapula upward; prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; important role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizontal arm movements (pushing, punching); called ""boxer's muscle"""
surratus anterior: action
336
helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle
subclavius: action
337
stabilizes, elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; middle fibers retract (adduct) scapula; superior fibers elevate scapula (as in shrugging shoulders) or can help extend head when scapula is fixed; inferior fibers depress scapula (and shoulder)
trapezius: action
338
elevates and adducts scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius; rotate scapulae downward; when scapula is fixed, flexes neck to same side
levator scapulae: action
339
"stabilize scapula; act together (and with middle trapezius fibers) to retract scapula, thus ""squaring shoulders""; rotate scapulae downward (as when arm is lowered against resistance; e.g., paddling a canoe)"
rhomboids: action
340
prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm against resistance; with scapula (and arm) fixed, pulls rib cage upward, and thus can help in climbing, throwing, pushing, and in forced inspiration
pectoralis major: action
341
prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously; antagonist of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, which adduct the arm; if only anterior fibers are active, can act powerfully in flexion and medial rotation of arm, and is therefore synergist of pectoralis major; if only posterior fibers are active, causes extension and lateral rotation of arm; active during rhythmic arm swinging movements during walking
deltoid: action
342
prime mover of arm extension; adduction and medial rotation of arm; it plays an important role in bringing the arm down in a power stroke, as in striking a blow, hammering, and swimming; with arms reaching overhead, it pulls the rest of the ody upward and forward, as in chin-ups
latissimus dorsi: action
343
extends, medially rotates, and adducts the arm; synergist of latissimus dorsi
teres major: action
344
medically rotates arm; assisted by pectoralis major; hepls to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing shoulder joint
subscapularis: action
345
initiates abduction of arm; stabilizes shoulder joint; helps to prevent downward dislocation of humerus, as when carrying a heavy suitcase
supraspinatus: action
346
laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint
infraspinatus: action
347
same actions as infraspinatus muscle: laterally rotates arm; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizing the shoulder joint)
teres minor: action
348
flexion and adduction of arm; synergist of pectoralis major
coracobrachialis: action
349
powerful forearm extensor (prime mover, particularly medial head); antagonist of forearm flexors; long and lateral heads mainly active in extension against resistance; long head tendon may help stabilize shoulder joint and assist in arm adduction
triceps brachii: action
350
abducts ulna during forearm pronation; synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension
anconeus: action
351
synergist in forearm flexion; acts to best advantage when forearm is partially flexed and semipronated, as when carrying luggage; stabilizes the elbow during rapid flexion and extension
brachioradialis: action
352
flexes and supinates forearm; these actions usually occur at some time (e.g., when you open a bottle of wine it turns the corkscrew and pulls the cork); weak flexor of arm at shoulder
biceps brachii: action
353
flexes forearm (lifts ulna as biceps lifts the radius)
brachialis: action
354
pronates forearm; weak flexor of forearm
pronator teres: action
355
powerful flexor of hand; abducts hand; weak synergist of forearm flexion
flexor carpi radialis: action
356
tenses skin and fascia of falm during hand movements; weak hand flexor; weak synergist for forearm flexion
palmaris longus: action
357
flexes and adducts hand with extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior muscle); stabilizes wrist during finger extension
flexor carpi ulnaris: action
358
flexes hand and middle phalanges of fingersII-V; the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance ar required
flexor digitorum superficialis: action
359
flexes distal phalanx of thumb
flexor pollicis longus: action
360
flexes distal interphalangeal joints; slow-acting flexor of any or all fingers; assists in flexing hand
flexor digitorum profundus: action
361
prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with pronator teres; also helps hold ulna and radius together
pronator quadratus: action
362
extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts hand in conjunction with the flexor carpi radialis
extensor carpi radialis longus: action
363
extends and abducts hand; acts synergistically with extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist during finger flexion
extensor carpi radialis brevis: action
364
prime mover of finger extension; extends hand; can abduct (flare) fingers
extensor digitorum: action
365
extends hand in conjunction with the extensor carpi radialis and adducts hand in conjunction with flexor carpi ulnaris
extensor carpi ulnaris: action
366
assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm; works alone in slow supination; antagonist of pronator muscles
supinator: action
367
abducts and extends thumb
abductor pollicis longus: action
368
extends thumb
extensor pollicis brevis and longus: action
369
extends index finger and assists in hand extension
extensor indicis: action
370
abducts thumb (at carpometacarpal joint)
abductor pollicis brevis: action
371
flexes thumb (at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints)
flexor pollicis brevis: action
372
opposition: moves thumb to touch tip of little finger
opponens pollicis: action
373
adducts and helps to oppose thumb
adductor pollicis: action
374
abducts little finger at metacarpopholangeal joint
abducts and flexes little toe
abducts and flexes little toe
abductor digiti minimi: action
375
flexes little finger[toe] at metacarpo[tarso]phalangeal joint
flexor digiti minimi brevis: action
376
helps in opposition: brings metacarpal V toward thumb to cup the hand
opponens digit minimi: action
377
by pulling on the extensor expansion over the first phalanx, they flex fingers[toes] at metacarpo[tarso]phalongeal joints but extend fingers[toes] at interphalangeal joints
lumbricals: action
378
adduct fingers; pull fingers in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints
palmar interossei: action
379
abduct fingers; extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints
dorsal interossei: action
380
iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing)
iliacus: action
381
as above: iliopsoas is the prime mover in thigh flexion and in flexing trunk (as when bowing); also causes lateral flexion of vertebral column; important postural muscle
psoas major: action
382
steadies trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut; flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh
tensor fasciae latae: action
383
flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes leg (weak) as in a soccer kick; helps produce the cross-legged position
sartorius: action
384
extends leg and flexes thigh
rectus femoris: action
385
extends leg and stabilizes knee
vastus lateralis: action
386
extends leg; inferior fibers stabilize patella
vastus medialis: action
387
extends leg
vastus intermedius: action
388
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
pectineus: action
389
adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg, especially during walking
gracilis: action
390
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
adductor longus: action
391
adducts and medially rotates thigh
adductor brevis: action
392
anterior part adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh; posterior part is a synergist of hamstrings in thigh extension
adductor magnus: action
393
major extensor of thigh; complex, powerful, and most effective when thigh is flexed and force is necessary, as in climbing stairs and running; generally inactive during standing and walking; laterally rotates and abducts thigh
gluteus maximus: action
394
abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground
gluteus medius: action
395
as for gluteus medius: abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis; its action is extremely important in walking; e.g., muscle of limb planted on ground holds pelvis in abduction so that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag; the foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground
gluteus minimus: action
396
extends thigh and flexes leg; laterally rotates leg when knee is semiflexed
biceps femoris: action
397
extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg
semitendinosus: action
398
extends thigh and flexes leg; medially rotates leg
semimembranosus: action
399
rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
piriformis: action
400
as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
obturator externus: action
401
as for pirformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
obturator internus: action
402
as for piriformis: rotates extended thigh laterally; because inserts above head of femur, can also assist in abduction of thigh when hip is flexed; stabilizes hip joint
gemellus: action
403
rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint
quadratus femoris: action
404
prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot; assists in supporting medial longitudinal arch of foot
tibialis anterior: action
405
prime mover of toe extension (acts mainly at metatarsophalangeal joints); dorsiflexes foot
extensor digitorum longus: action
406
dorsiflexes and everts foot
fibularis (peroneus) tertius: action
407
extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot
extensor hallucis longus: action
408
plantar flexes and everts foot
fibularis (peroneus) longus: action
409
plantar flexes and everts food
fibularis (peronius) brevis: action
410
plantar flexes foot when leg is extended; because it also crosses knee joint, it can flex leg when foot is dorsiflexed
gastrocnemius: action
411
plantar flexes foot; important locomotor and postural muscle during walking, running, and dancing
soleus: action
412
assists in leg flexion and plantar flexion of foot
plantaris: action
413
flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension when flexion begins; with tibia fixed, rotates thigh laterally
popliteus: action
414
"flantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes toes; helps foot ""grip"" ground"
flexor digitorum longus: action
415
"plantar flexes an inverts foot; flexes great toe at all joints; ""push off"" muscle during walking"
flexor hallucis longus: action
416
prime mover of foot inversion; plantar flexes foot; stabilizes medial longitudinal arch of foot
tibialis posterior: action
417
helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints
extensor digitorum brevis: action
418
flexes toes
flexor digitorum brevis: action
419
abducts great toe
abductor hallucis: action
420
straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus
flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae): action
421
flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
flexor hallucis brevis: action
422
helps maintain the transverse arch of foot; weak adductor of great toe
adductor hallucis: action
423
see palmar and dorsal interossei:
adduct toes; pull toes in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarsophalangeal joints
abduct toes; extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metatarsophalangeal joints
adduct toes; pull toes in toward third digit; act with lumbricals to extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarsophalangeal joints
abduct toes; extend toes at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metatarsophalangeal joints
plantar and dorsal interossei: action
424
muscles of the head, facial expression
Bipartite muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp anterioly and posteriorly
Bipartite muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp anterioly and posteriorly
epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
425
facial nerve (cranial VII)
frontal belly: nerve supply
426
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the scalp
muscles of the scalp
frontal belly
427
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the scalp
muscles of the scalp
occipital belly
428
facial nerve
occipital belly: nerve supply
429
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(corrugo=wrinkle, supercilium=eyebrow)
muscles of the face
(corrugo=wrinkle, supercilium=eyebrow)
corrugator supercilii
430
facial nerve
corrugator supercilii: nerve supply
431
facial nerve
orbicularis oculi: nerve supply
432
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(orb=circular, ocul=eye)
muscles of the face
(orb=circular, ocul=eye)
orbicularis oculi
433
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
major and minor
(zygomatic=cheekbone)
muscles of the face
major and minor
(zygomatic=cheekbone)
zygomaticus
434
facial nerve
zygomaticus: nerve supply
435
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(or=mouth)
muscles of the face
(or=mouth)
orbicularis oris
436
facial nerve
orbicularis oris: nerve supply
437
facial nerve
mentalis: nerve supply
438
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(ment=chin)
muscles of the face
(ment=chin)
mentalis
439
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(platy=broad, flat)
muscles of the face
(platy=broad, flat)
platysma
440
facial nerve
platysma: nerve supply
441
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(risor=laughter)
muscles of the face
(risor=laughter)
risorius
442
facial nerve
risorius: nerve supply
443
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(leva=raise, labi=lip, superior=above, over)
muscles of the face
(leva=raise, labi=lip, superior=above, over)
levator labii superioris
444
facial nerve
levator labii superioris: nerve supply
445
facial nerve
depressor labii inferioris: nerve supply
446
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(depressor=depresses, infer=below)
muscles of the face
(depressor=depresses, infer=below)
depressor labii inferioris
447
muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the face
(angul=angle, corner, or=mouth)
muscles of the face
(angul=angle, corner, or=mouth)
depressor anguli oris
448
facial nerve
depressor anguli oris: nerve supply
449
"muscles of the head, facial expression
muscles of the headmastication and tongue movement
muscles of the face, muscles of mastication
(bucc=cheek or ""trumpeter"")"
muscles of the headmastication and tongue movement
muscles of the face, muscles of mastication
(bucc=cheek or ""trumpeter"")"
buccinator
450
facial nerve (cranial VII)
buccinator: nerve supply
451
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(maseter=chewer)
muscles of mastication
(maseter=chewer)
masseter
452
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V)
masseter: nerve supply
453
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(tempora=time, pertaning to the temporal bone)
muscles of mastication
(tempora=time, pertaning to the temporal bone)
temporalis
454
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
temporalis: nerve supply
455
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(medial=toward median plane, pterygoid=winglike)
muscles of mastication
(medial=toward median plane, pterygoid=winglike)
medial pterygoid
456
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
medial pterygoid: nerve supply
457
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles of mastication
(lateral=away from median plane)
muscles of mastication
(lateral=away from median plane)
lateral pterygoid
458
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
lateral pterygoid: nerve supply
459
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(geni=chin, glossus=tongue)
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(geni=chin, glossus=tongue)
genioglossus
460
hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)
genioglossus: nerve supply
461
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(hyo=pertaining to hyoid bone)
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(hyo=pertaining to hyoid bone)
hyoglossus
462
hypoglossal nerve
hyoglossus: nerve supply
463
muscles of the head, mastication and tongue movement
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(stylo=pertaining to styloid process)
muscles promoting tongue movements (extrinsic muscles)
(stylo=pertaining to styloid process)
styloglossus
464
hypoglossal nerve
styloglussus: nerve supply
465
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone
muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone
suprahyoid muscles
466
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
(di=two, gaster=belly)
suprahyoid muscles
(di=two, gaster=belly)
digastric
467
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial V) for anterior belly; facial nerve (cranial VII) for posterior belly
digastric: nerve supply
468
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
suprahyoid muscles
stylohyoid
469
facial nerve
stylohyoid: nerve supply
470
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
(myle=molar)
suprahyoid muscles
(myle=molar)
mylohyoid
471
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
mylohyoid: nerve supply
472
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
suprahyoid muscles
(geni=chin)
suprahyoid muscles
(geni=chin)
geniohyoid
473
first cervical spinal nerve via hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII)
geniohyoid: nerve supply
474
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
infrahyoid muscles
475
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
(sterno=sternum)
infrahyoid muscles
(sterno=sternum)
sternohyoid
476
C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)
sternohyoid: nerve supply
477
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
(thyro=thyroid cartilage)
infrahyoid muscles
(thyro=thyroid cartilage)
sternothyroid
478
as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)
sternothyroid: nerve supply
479
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
(omo=shoulder)
infrahyoid muscles
(omo=shoulder)
omohyoid
480
as for sternohyoid: C1-C3 through ansa cervicalis (slender nerve root in cervical plexus)
omohyoid: nerve supply
481
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
infrahyoid muscles
infrahyoid muscles
thyrohyoid
482
first cervical nerve via hypoglossal
thyrohyoid: nerve supply
483
muscles of the anterior neck and throat, swallowing
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
484
pharyngeal plexus [branches of vagus nerve (cranial X)]
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors: nerve supply
485
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
anterolateral neck muscles
(sterno=breastbone, cleido=clavicle, mastoid=mastoid process)
anterolateral neck muscles
(sterno=breastbone, cleido=clavicle, mastoid=mastoid process)
sternocleidomastoid
486
accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI); cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3 (ventral rami)
sternocleidomastoid: nerve supply
487
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
anterolateral neck muscles
anterior, middle, and posterior
(scalene=uneven)
anterolateral neck muscles
anterior, middle, and posterior
(scalene=uneven)
scalenes
488
cervical spinal nerves
scalenes: nerve supply
489
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
capitis and cervicis portions
(splenion=bandage, caput=head, cervi=neck)
deep back muscles
capitis and cervicis portions
(splenion=bandage, caput=head, cervi=neck)
splenius
490
cervical spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
splenius: nerve supply
491
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and neck extension
deep back muscles
lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis portions
(ilio=ilium, cost=rib)
deep back muscles
lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis portions
(ilio=ilium, cost=rib)
iliocostalis
492
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
iliocostalis: nerve supply
493
muscles of the neck and vertebral culmun, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts, (longuissimus=longest)
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts, (longuissimus=longest)
longissimus
494
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
longissimus: nerve supply
495
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
theracis and cervicis parts
(spin=vertibral column, spine)
deep back muscles
theracis and cervicis parts
(spin=vertibral column, spine)
spinalis
496
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
spinalis: nerve supply
497
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis regions
(semi=half, thorac=thorax)
deep back muscles
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis regions
(semi=half, thorac=thorax)
semispinalis
498
spinal nerves (dorsal rami)
semispinalis: nerve supply
499
muscles of the neck and vertebral column, head movements and trunk extension
deep back muscles
(quad=four-sided, lumb=lumbar region)
deep back muscles
(quad=four-sided, lumb=lumbar region)
quadratus lumborum
500
T12 and upper lumbar spinal nerves (ventral rami)
quadratus lumborum: nerve supply
