Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch22 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
respiratory system
A
major function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
2
Q
respiration
A
four processes collectively called _:<br></br>pulmonary ventilation<br></br>external respiration<br></br>transport of respiratory gases<br></br>internal respiration
3
Q
pulmonary ventilation
A
air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced; this movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing
4
Q
external respiration
A
gas exchange must occur between the blood and air at the lung alveoli. oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in blood diffuses into the air sacs
5
Q
transport of respiratory gases
A
oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. this is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with lbood serving as the transporting fluid
6
Q
internal respiration
A
as the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells
7
Q
cellular respiration
A
oxygen is used by the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
8
Q
nose
A
only externally visible part of the respiratory system; important functions: provides an airway for respiration; moistes and warms entering air; filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles; serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
9
Q
external nose
A
consists of the frontal and nasal bones superiorly (forming the root and bridge, respectively), the maxillary bones laterally, and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage inferorly (the lateral, septal, and alar cartilages)
10
Q
nares
A
aka nostrils, during breathing, air enters the nasal cavity by passing through the external _
11
Q
posterior nasal apertures
A
aka choanae (funnels) aka internal nares, posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasal part of the pharynx through the _
12
Q
palate
A
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways
13
Q
soft palate
A
posterior part where the palate contains the horizontal processes of the palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxillary bone is the muscular _
14
Q
vestibule (nose)
A
”"”porch, entranceway””, the part of the nasal cavity that lies just superior to the nostrils, within the flared wings of the external nose”
15
Q
pharynx
A
funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, serves as a common passageway for both food and air
16
Q
nasopharynx
A
lies directly posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate; because it is superior to the point where food enters the body, the nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway
17
Q
uvula
A
”"”little grape””, pendulous, reflects superiorly during swallowing, and action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity”
18
Q
tubal tonsil
A
a ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each opening, whose location provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx
19
Q
oropharynx
A
lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), extends inferiorly from the level of the seft palate to the level of the epiglottis (a flap posterior to the tongue), both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx
20
Q
fauces
A
”"”throat””, archlike entranceway of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth”
21
Q
laryngopharynx
A
serves as a common passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx
22
Q
larynx
A
voice box, extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea (windpipe) inferiorly
23
Q
thyroid cartilage
A
formed by two cartilage plates joined in the midline
24
Q
laryngeal prominence
A
“aka Adam’s apple, ““book spine”” of the thyroid cartilage lying in the anterior midline of the neck”
25
cricoid cartilage
only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring, wide posteriorly and narrow anteriorly, located on top of the trachea
26
arytenoid cartilages
three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the larynx, pyramid-shaped arytenoids which anchor the vocal cords
27
arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
(ladle-like, little horn, wedge-shaped), three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the layrnx
28
epiglottis
lef-shaped ninth cartilage of the larynx, composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a mucosa; during swallowing, the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet
29
vocal folds/(true) vocal cords
pair of mucosal folds, air exhaled from the lungs causes these folds to vibrate in a wave motion and to clap together, producing the basic sounds of speech
30
rima glottidis
(rima=fissure), the medial opening between tho vocal folds through which air passes
31
glottis
vocal folds together with the rima glottidis
32
vestibular folds
aka false vocal cords, another pair of horizontal mucosal folds that lies directly superior to the vocal folds, define a slitlike cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances high-frequency sounds
33
"Valsalva's maneuver"
during abdominal straining, the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure; help to evacuate the rectum or to stabilize the trunk of the body when one lifts a heavy load
34
trachea
or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, ends by dividing into the two main bronchi (primary bronchi) in the midthorax
35
thachealis
smooth muscle fibers whose contraction decreases the diameter of the thrachea, which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing sneezing
36
carina
ridge on the internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main (primary) bronchi
37
mucosa
mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelium and a lamina propria
38
submucosa (respiratory)
"""below the mucosa"", another layer of connective tissue, contains glands with both serous and mucous cells called seromucous glands which help produce the sheets of mucus within the trachea"
39
fibromusculocartilaginous layer
cartilaginous rings, the fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the trachealis lie external to the submucosa and form the _ of the trachea
40
adventitia
external layer of connective tissue
41
main bronchi
aka primary bronchi, largest conduits in the bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs
42
lobar brochi
second brochi, three on right (superior, middle, and inferior) and two on the left (superior and inferior), each of which supplies one lung lobe
43
segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi, from lobar bronchi, which in turn divide repeatedly into smaller brochi: fourth-order, fifth-order, and so on (about 23 orders of air tubes in the lungs)
44
bronchioles
"""little bronchi"", bronchial tubes smoller than 1 mm in diameter"
45
terminal brochioles
smallest of the brochioles, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
46
alveoli
air-exchange chambers
47
resporiatory bronchioles
first respiratory zone structures, which branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone, can be recognized by the scattered alveoli protruding from their walls
48
alveolar ducts
straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli, respiratory bronchioles lead into _
49
alveolar sacs
terminal clusters of alveoli, alveolar ducts lead into _
50
type I alveolar cells
single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which surrounded by a delicate basal lamina can make up the wall of each alveolus
51
respiratory membrane
alveolar and cappilary walls and their fused basal laminae together form the _, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood
52
type II alveolar cells
cuboidal epithelial cells, scattered amoung the type I squamous cells in the alveolar walls, secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces
53
surfactant
detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli
54
alveolar pores
allow air pressure to be equalized throughout the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose brochi have collapsed because of disease
55
alveolar macrophages
live in the air space and remove the tinist inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus
56
lungs
paired, with their pleural sacs occupy all the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum, roughly cone-shaped, anterior lateral and posterior surface contact the ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface
57
apex (lungs)
just deep to the clavicle is the rounded superior tip of the lung
58
base (lungs)
concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
59
hilum (lungs)
on the medial (mediastinal) surface of each lung is an indetation through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung
60
root
these structures (blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves) collecively attach the lung to the mediastinum and are called the _ of the lung
61
cardiac notch
a diviation in the anterior border of the left lung that accomodates the heart
62
lobes (lungs)
several deep fissures divide the two lungs into different patterns of _
63
oblique fissure
seperates the left lung into the superior lobe and the inferior lobe
64
oblique and horizontal fissures
separates the right lung into the suerior, middle, and inferior lobes
65
bronchopulmonary segments
each lobes contains a number of _ separated from one another by thin partitions of dense connective tissue, each receives air from the individual segmental bronchus
66
lobule (lungs)
smallest subdivision of the lung than can be seen by the naked eye
67
pulmonary arteries
deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation; in the lung, these arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying posterior to the corresponding bronchi
68
pulmonary capillary networks
the smallest arteries feed into the _ around the alveoli
69
pleura
"""the side"", serous membrane which makes up walls around each lung in a flattened sac"
70
parietal pleura
covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
71
visceral pleura
covers the extrenal lung surface, continuous with the parietal pleura in the area where vessels enter the lung
72
pleural cavity
space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid
73
breathing
aka pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases: inspiration (inhalation), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (exhalation), the period when gases exit the lungs
74
inspiration
enlarging all dimensions of the expandable container (thoracic cavity) increases its volume and thus decreases the pressure within it
75
pneumothorax
"""air thorax"", the condition of having a collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity"
76
expiration
as the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage drops under the force of gravity, and the relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly, many elastic fibers within the lungs recoil; volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease simultaneously, increasing the pressure within the lungs and pushing the air out
77
aortic bodies
located on the aortic arch, peripheral chemoreceptors
78
coratid bodies
found in the fork of the comomn coratid artery, peripheral chemoreceptors
79
cystic fibrosis (CF)
an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrputed throughout the body
80
adenocarcinoma
one of the three most common types of lung cancer (40%), which originates in the peripheral areas of the lung as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial mucous glands and alveolar epithelial cells
81
small cell carcinoma
one of the three most common types of lung cancer, contains lymphocyte-like epithelial cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in cords or small graplike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid
82
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed, mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema
83
chronic bronchitis
inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and to inflammation and fibrosis (formation of scar tissue) of this mucosa
84
emphysema
"""to inflate"", characterized by a permanent enlagement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the avleolar walls"
85
olffactory placode
"""plate"", by week 4, a thickened plate of ectoderm has appeared on each side of the future face"
86
laryngotracheal bud
lower resipratory organs develop from a tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut
87
major function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
respiratory system
88
four processes collectively called _:
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration
respiration
89
air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced; this movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing
pulmonary ventilation
90
gas exchange must occur between the blood and air at the lung alveoli. oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in blood diffuses into the air sacs
external respiration
91
oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. this is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with lbood serving as the transporting fluid
transport of respiratory gases
92
as the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells
internal respiration
93
oxygen is used by the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
cellular respiration
94
only externally visible part of the respiratory system; important functions: provides an airway for respiration; moistes and warms entering air; filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles; serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
nose
95
consists of the frontal and nasal bones superiorly (forming the root and bridge, respectively), the maxillary bones laterally, and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage inferorly (the lateral, septal, and alar cartilages)
external nose
96
aka nostrils, during breathing, air enters the nasal cavity by passing through the external _
nares
97
aka choanae (funnels) aka internal nares, posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the nasal part of the pharynx through the _
posterior nasal apertures
98
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways
palate
99
posterior part where the palate contains the horizontal processes of the palatine bones and the palatine process of the maxillary bone is the muscular _
soft palate
100
"""porch, entranceway"", the part of the nasal cavity that lies just superior to the nostrils, within the flared wings of the external nose"
vestibule (nose)
101
funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, serves as a common passageway for both food and air
pharynx
102
lies directly posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate; because it is superior to the point where food enters the body, the nasopharynx serves only as an air passageway
nasopharynx
103
"""little grape"", pendulous, reflects superiorly during swallowing, and action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity"
uvula
104
a ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each opening, whose location provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx
tubal tonsil
105
lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth), extends inferiorly from the level of the seft palate to the level of the epiglottis (a flap posterior to the tongue), both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx
oropharynx
106
"""throat"", archlike entranceway of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth"
fauces
107
serves as a common passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, lies directly posterior to the larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx
laryngopharynx
108
voice box, extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, attaches to the hyoid bone and opens in the laryngopharynx superiorly and is continuous with the trachea (windpipe) inferiorly
larynx
109
formed by two cartilage plates joined in the midline
thyroid cartilage
110
"aka Adam's apple, ""book spine"" of the thyroid cartilage lying in the anterior midline of the neck"
laryngeal prominence
111
only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring, wide posteriorly and narrow anteriorly, located on top of the trachea
cricoid cartilage
112
three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the larynx, pyramid-shaped arytenoids which anchor the vocal cords
arytenoid cartilages
113
(ladle-like, little horn, wedge-shaped), three pairs of small cartilages lie just superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior part of the layrnx
arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
114
lef-shaped ninth cartilage of the larynx, composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a mucosa; during swallowing, the entire larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet
epiglottis
115
pair of mucosal folds, air exhaled from the lungs causes these folds to vibrate in a wave motion and to clap together, producing the basic sounds of speech
vocal folds/(true) vocal cords
116
(rima=fissure), the medial opening between tho vocal folds through which air passes
rima glottidis
117
vocal folds together with the rima glottidis
glottis
118
aka false vocal cords, another pair of horizontal mucosal folds that lies directly superior to the vocal folds, define a slitlike cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances high-frequency sounds
vestibular folds
119
during abdominal straining, the abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure; help to evacuate the rectum or to stabilize the trunk of the body when one lifts a heavy load
"Valsalva's maneuver"
120
or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum, ends by dividing into the two main bronchi (primary bronchi) in the midthorax
trachea
121
smooth muscle fibers whose contraction decreases the diameter of the thrachea, which helps expel irritants from the trachea during coughing sneezing
thachealis
122
ridge on the internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main (primary) bronchi
carina
123
mucous membrane consists of an inner epithelium and a lamina propria
mucosa
124
"""below the mucosa"", another layer of connective tissue, contains glands with both serous and mucous cells called seromucous glands which help produce the sheets of mucus within the trachea"
submucosa (respiratory)
125
cartilaginous rings, the fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the trachealis lie external to the submucosa and form the _ of the trachea
fibromusculocartilaginous layer
126
external layer of connective tissue
adventitia
127
aka primary bronchi, largest conduits in the bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs
main bronchi
128
second brochi, three on right (superior, middle, and inferior) and two on the left (superior and inferior), each of which supplies one lung lobe
lobar brochi
129
tertiary bronchi, from lobar bronchi, which in turn divide repeatedly into smaller brochi: fourth-order, fifth-order, and so on (about 23 orders of air tubes in the lungs)
segmental bronchi
130
"""little bronchi"", bronchial tubes smoller than 1 mm in diameter"
bronchioles
131
smallest of the brochioles, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
terminal brochioles
132
air-exchange chambers
alveoli
133
first respiratory zone structures, which branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone, can be recognized by the scattered alveoli protruding from their walls
resporiatory bronchioles
134
straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli, respiratory bronchioles lead into _
alveolar ducts
135
terminal clusters of alveoli, alveolar ducts lead into _
alveolar sacs
136
single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which surrounded by a delicate basal lamina can make up the wall of each alveolus
type I alveolar cells
137
alveolar and cappilary walls and their fused basal laminae together form the _, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood
respiratory membrane
138
cuboidal epithelial cells, scattered amoung the type I squamous cells in the alveolar walls, secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces
type II alveolar cells
139
detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli
surfactant
140
allow air pressure to be equalized throughout the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose brochi have collapsed because of disease
alveolar pores
141
live in the air space and remove the tinist inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus
alveolar macrophages
142
paired, with their pleural sacs occupy all the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum, roughly cone-shaped, anterior lateral and posterior surface contact the ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface
lungs
143
just deep to the clavicle is the rounded superior tip of the lung
apex (lungs)
144
concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
base (lungs)
145
on the medial (mediastinal) surface of each lung is an indetation through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung
hilum (lungs)
146
these structures (blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves) collecively attach the lung to the mediastinum and are called the _ of the lung
root
147
a diviation in the anterior border of the left lung that accomodates the heart
cardiac notch
148
several deep fissures divide the two lungs into different patterns of _
lobes (lungs)
149
seperates the left lung into the superior lobe and the inferior lobe
oblique fissure
150
separates the right lung into the suerior, middle, and inferior lobes
oblique and horizontal fissures
151
each lobes contains a number of _ separated from one another by thin partitions of dense connective tissue, each receives air from the individual segmental bronchus
bronchopulmonary segments
152
smallest subdivision of the lung than can be seen by the naked eye
lobule (lungs)
153
deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation; in the lung, these arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying posterior to the corresponding bronchi
pulmonary arteries
154
the smallest arteries feed into the _ around the alveoli
pulmonary capillary networks
155
"""the side"", serous membrane which makes up walls around each lung in a flattened sac"
pleura
156
covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
parietal pleura
157
covers the extrenal lung surface, continuous with the parietal pleura in the area where vessels enter the lung
visceral pleura
158
space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid
pleural cavity
159
aka pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases: inspiration (inhalation), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (exhalation), the period when gases exit the lungs
breathing
160
enlarging all dimensions of the expandable container (thoracic cavity) increases its volume and thus decreases the pressure within it
inspiration
161
"""air thorax"", the condition of having a collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity"
pneumothorax
162
as the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage drops under the force of gravity, and the relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly, many elastic fibers within the lungs recoil; volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease simultaneously, increasing the pressure within the lungs and pushing the air out
expiration
163
located on the aortic arch, peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic bodies
164
found in the fork of the comomn coratid artery, peripheral chemoreceptors
coratid bodies
165
an inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrputed throughout the body
cystic fibrosis (CF)
166
one of the three most common types of lung cancer (40%), which originates in the peripheral areas of the lung as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial mucous glands and alveolar epithelial cells
adenocarcinoma
167
one of the three most common types of lung cancer, contains lymphocyte-like epithelial cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in cords or small graplike clusters within the mediastinum, a site from which metastasis is especially rapid
small cell carcinoma
168
category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed, mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
169
inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages and to inflammation and fibrosis (formation of scar tissue) of this mucosa
chronic bronchitis
170
"""to inflate"", characterized by a permanent enlagement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the avleolar walls"
emphysema
171
"""plate"", by week 4, a thickened plate of ectoderm has appeared on each side of the future face"
olffactory placode
172
lower resipratory organs develop from a tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut
laryngotracheal bud
