Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch21 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
lymphatic system
A
main function is to return excess tissue fluid back to the blood vascular system
2
Q
immune system
A
protects our bodies from foreign organisms by fighting infections and conferring immunity to disease
3
Q
lymphatic vessels
A
function to collect excess tissue fluid from the loose connective tissue around blood capilaries and return it to the bloodstream
4
Q
lymph
A
(lympha=clear water), fluid once inside the lymphatic vessels
5
Q
lymphatic capillaries
A
highly permeable vessels that collect the excess tissue fluid, located near blood capillaries in the loose areolar connective tissue
6
Q
collecting lymphatic vessels
A
from lymphatic capillaries, lymph enters _ which accompany blood vessels: in general, the superficial _ in the skin travel with superficial veins, whereas the deep _ of the trunk and digestive viscera travel with the deep arteries
7
Q
lymphangiography
A
”"”lymph vessel picturing””, radiographic procedure in which X-ray films are taken after lymphatic vessels are injected with radiopaque dye”
8
Q
lymph nodes
A
cleanse the lymph of pathogens, bean-shaped organs situated along collecting lymphatic vessels
9
Q
capsule
A
fibrous _ of dense connective tissue surrounds a lymph node
10
Q
trabeculae (lymph)
A
fibrous strands extend inward from the capsule to divide the node into compartments
11
Q
afferent lymphatic vessels
A
lymph enters the convex aspect of the node through several _
12
Q
hilum (liver)
A
indented region on the other side of a lymph node from the convex aspect
13
Q
efferent lymphatic vessels
A
lymph exits from the hilum through _
14
Q
lymph sinuses
A
within the node, between the afferent and efferent vessels, lymph percolates through _ (subcapsular, cortical, and medullary)
15
Q
lymph trunks
A
drain large areas of the body, largest collecting lymphatic vessels converge to form _
16
Q
lumbar trunks
A
these paired trunks, which lie along the sides of the aorta in the inferior abdomen, receive all lymph draining from the lower limbs, the pelvic organs, and from some of the anterior abdominal wall
17
Q
intestinal trunk
A
this unpaired trunk, which lies near the posterior abdominal wall in the midline, receives fatty lymph (chyle) from the stomach, intestines, and other digestive organs
18
Q
brochomediastinal trunks
A
ascending near the sides of the trachea, these paired trunks collect lymph from the thoracic viscera and thoracic wall
19
Q
subclavian trunks
A
located near the base of the neck, these paired trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs; they also drain the inferior neck and the superior thoracic wall
20
Q
jugular trunks
A
located at the base of each internal jugular vein, these paired trunks drain lymph from the brain, head, and neck
21
Q
lymph ducts
A
lymph trunks drain into the largest lymphatic vessels (some people have one, thoracic duct, some have two, thoracic and right lymphatic duct)
22
Q
thoracic duct
A
present in all individuals, often joined by the left jugular, subclavian, and/or bronchomediastinal trunks just before it joins with the venous circulation
23
Q
cisterna chyli
A
”"”sac of chyle””, most inferior part of the thoracic duct, located at the union of the lumbar and intestinal trunks, lies on the bodies of vertebrae L1 and L2”
24
Q
venous angle
A
left _ is at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins, where the thoracic duct empties into the venous circulation
25
right lymphatic duct
present in 20% of people, empties into the neck veins at or near the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins, the right venous angle
26
cytotoxic, killer, or CD8+ T lymphocyte
a major type of T cell attacks foreign cells directly
27
natural killer cells (NK cells)
"third class of lymphocytes, do not recognize specific antigens, but instead act when they detect a lack of ""self"" cell surface molecules or the presence of certain sugars on a target cell"
28
dendritic cell
"""professional"" antigen gatherer that patrols the body seeking antigens"
29
effector lymphocytes
short-lived lymphocytes that respond to the pathogen immediately and then die
30
cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells
travel to the infect region via the bloodstream and directly lyse the pathogenic cell
31
helper (CD4+) T cells
enter the circulation and stimulate the cells of the immune system by secreting chemicals called cytokines, cytokines styimulate the proliferation of activated B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages and amplify and fine-tune the immune response
32
memory lymphocytes/memory cells
wait within the lymphoid tissues until the body encounters the specific antigen again, maybe decades later; when it finally encounters its atigen, its proliferative response and its attack are most vigorous and rapid
33
lymphoid tissue
specialized type of connective tissue in which wast quantities of lymphocytes gather to fight invading microorganisms; has two general locations: the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts (MALT), and in all lymphoid organs except the thymus
34
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
MALT, frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
35
lymphoid follicles or nodules
scattered, spherical clusters of densely packed lymphocytes evident within lymphoid tissue
36
germinal centers
lymphoid follicles often exhibit lighter-staining centers, _, of dividing lymphocytes
37
primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and the thymus. they produce B and T lymphocyes, respectively
38
secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT that form the tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in teh intestine, and the appendix. these organs store immunocompetent lymphocytes and memory lymphocytes, and they gather and destroy infectious microorganisms within their lymphoid tissue
39
lobules
contains an outer cortex and an inner medulla, numerous _ in the thymus
40
cortex (thymus)
of the lobule stains dark because it is packed with rapidly dividing T lymphocytes gaining immunocompetence
41
medulla (thymus)
contains fewer lymphocytes and stains lighter than the cortex
42
thymic corpuscles
in the medulla, which are composed of clusters of epithelial cells, function in the development of regulatory T cells (prevent autoimmune responses)
43
spleen
largest lymphoid organ, lies in the left superior quadrant of the abdominal cavity just posterior to the stomach
44
white pulp
thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue that collectively constitue the _
45
red pulp
surrounds the white pulp, has two parts (splenic sinusoids and splenic cords)
46
splenic sinusoids
blood sinusouds that arise from the distal branches of the central arteries outside of the white pulp
47
splenic cords
consist of a reticular connective tissue that is exceptionally rich in macrophages
48
tonsils
mere swellings of the mucosa lining the pharynx
49
palatine tonsils
lie directly posterior to the mouth and palate on the lateral sides of the pharygneal wall (lie in the lateral walls of the fauces)
50
lingual tonsil
lies on the posterior surface of the tongue
51
pharyngeal tonsil
(adenoids) lies on the pharyngeal roof; high on the posterior nasopharyngeal wall is the midline _ or adenoids, a lymphoid organ that destroys pathogens entering the sanopharynx in the air
52
tubal tonsils
just behind the openings of the pharygotympanic tubes into the pharynx
53
crypts
blind-ended _ that trap bacteria and particulate matter, deep into the interior of the tonsil
54
aggregated lymphoid nodules
"(aka Peyer's patches), clusters of lymphoid follicles inthe walls of the distal part (ileum) of the small intestine"
55
appendix
tubular offshoot of the first part (cecum) of the large intestine, lymphoid tissue is also heavily concentrated in the wall
56
chylothorax
"""chyle in the thorax"", leakage of the fatty lymph, chyle, from the thoracic duct into a pleural cavity in the thorax"
57
lymphangitis
"""lymph vessel inflammation"", inflammation of a lymphatic vessel"
58
mononucleosis
viral disease, symptoms include fatigu, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and enlargement of the spleen; caused by Epstein-Barr virus which attacks B lymphocytes
59
"Hodgekin's lymphoma"
malignancy of the lymph nodes characterized by swollen, nonpainful nodes, fatigue, and often, persistent fever and night sweats
60
"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"
"includes all cancers of lymphoid tissues except Hodgkin's lymphoma"
61
main function is to return excess tissue fluid back to the blood vascular system
lymphatic system
62
protects our bodies from foreign organisms by fighting infections and conferring immunity to disease
immune system
63
function to collect excess tissue fluid from the loose connective tissue around blood capilaries and return it to the bloodstream
lymphatic vessels
64
(lympha=clear water), fluid once inside the lymphatic vessels
lymph
65
highly permeable vessels that collect the excess tissue fluid, located near blood capillaries in the loose areolar connective tissue
lymphatic capillaries
66
from lymphatic capillaries, lymph enters _ which accompany blood vessels: in general, the superficial _ in the skin travel with superficial veins, whereas the deep _ of the trunk and digestive viscera travel with the deep arteries
collecting lymphatic vessels
67
"""lymph vessel picturing"", radiographic procedure in which X-ray films are taken after lymphatic vessels are injected with radiopaque dye"
lymphangiography
68
cleanse the lymph of pathogens, bean-shaped organs situated along collecting lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
69
fibrous _ of dense connective tissue surrounds a lymph node
capsule
70
fibrous strands extend inward from the capsule to divide the node into compartments
trabeculae (lymph)
71
lymph enters the convex aspect of the node through several _
afferent lymphatic vessels
72
indented region on the other side of a lymph node from the convex aspect
hilum (liver)
73
lymph exits from the hilum through _
efferent lymphatic vessels
74
within the node, between the afferent and efferent vessels, lymph percolates through _ (subcapsular, cortical, and medullary)
lymph sinuses
75
drain large areas of the body, largest collecting lymphatic vessels converge to form _
lymph trunks
76
these paired trunks, which lie along the sides of the aorta in the inferior abdomen, receive all lymph draining from the lower limbs, the pelvic organs, and from some of the anterior abdominal wall
lumbar trunks
77
this unpaired trunk, which lies near the posterior abdominal wall in the midline, receives fatty lymph (chyle) from the stomach, intestines, and other digestive organs
intestinal trunk
78
ascending near the sides of the trachea, these paired trunks collect lymph from the thoracic viscera and thoracic wall
brochomediastinal trunks
79
located near the base of the neck, these paired trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs; they also drain the inferior neck and the superior thoracic wall
subclavian trunks
80
located at the base of each internal jugular vein, these paired trunks drain lymph from the brain, head, and neck
jugular trunks
81
lymph trunks drain into the largest lymphatic vessels (some people have one, thoracic duct, some have two, thoracic and right lymphatic duct)
lymph ducts
82
present in all individuals, often joined by the left jugular, subclavian, and/or bronchomediastinal trunks just before it joins with the venous circulation
thoracic duct
83
"""sac of chyle"", most inferior part of the thoracic duct, located at the union of the lumbar and intestinal trunks, lies on the bodies of vertebrae L1 and L2"
cisterna chyli
84
left _ is at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins, where the thoracic duct empties into the venous circulation
venous angle
85
present in 20% of people, empties into the neck veins at or near the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins, the right venous angle
right lymphatic duct
86
a major type of T cell attacks foreign cells directly
cytotoxic, killer, or CD8+ T lymphocyte
87
"third class of lymphocytes, do not recognize specific antigens, but instead act when they detect a lack of ""self"" cell surface molecules or the presence of certain sugars on a target cell"
natural killer cells (NK cells)
88
"""professional"" antigen gatherer that patrols the body seeking antigens"
dendritic cell
89
short-lived lymphocytes that respond to the pathogen immediately and then die
effector lymphocytes
90
travel to the infect region via the bloodstream and directly lyse the pathogenic cell
cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells
91
enter the circulation and stimulate the cells of the immune system by secreting chemicals called cytokines, cytokines styimulate the proliferation of activated B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages and amplify and fine-tune the immune response
helper (CD4+) T cells
92
wait within the lymphoid tissues until the body encounters the specific antigen again, maybe decades later; when it finally encounters its atigen, its proliferative response and its attack are most vigorous and rapid
memory lymphocytes/memory cells
93
specialized type of connective tissue in which wast quantities of lymphocytes gather to fight invading microorganisms; has two general locations: the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts (MALT), and in all lymphoid organs except the thymus
lymphoid tissue
94
MALT, frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
95
scattered, spherical clusters of densely packed lymphocytes evident within lymphoid tissue
lymphoid follicles or nodules
96
lymphoid follicles often exhibit lighter-staining centers, _, of dividing lymphocytes
germinal centers
97
bone marrow and the thymus. they produce B and T lymphocyes, respectively
primary lymphoid organs
98
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT that form the tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in teh intestine, and the appendix. these organs store immunocompetent lymphocytes and memory lymphocytes, and they gather and destroy infectious microorganisms within their lymphoid tissue
secondary lymphoid organs
99
contains an outer cortex and an inner medulla, numerous _ in the thymus
lobules
100
of the lobule stains dark because it is packed with rapidly dividing T lymphocytes gaining immunocompetence
cortex (thymus)
101
contains fewer lymphocytes and stains lighter than the cortex
medulla (thymus)
102
in the medulla, which are composed of clusters of epithelial cells, function in the development of regulatory T cells (prevent autoimmune responses)
thymic corpuscles
103
largest lymphoid organ, lies in the left superior quadrant of the abdominal cavity just posterior to the stomach
spleen
104
thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue that collectively constitue the _
white pulp
105
surrounds the white pulp, has two parts (splenic sinusoids and splenic cords)
red pulp
106
blood sinusouds that arise from the distal branches of the central arteries outside of the white pulp
splenic sinusoids
107
consist of a reticular connective tissue that is exceptionally rich in macrophages
splenic cords
108
mere swellings of the mucosa lining the pharynx
tonsils
109
lie directly posterior to the mouth and palate on the lateral sides of the pharygneal wall (lie in the lateral walls of the fauces)
palatine tonsils
110
lies on the posterior surface of the tongue
lingual tonsil
111
(adenoids) lies on the pharyngeal roof; high on the posterior nasopharyngeal wall is the midline _ or adenoids, a lymphoid organ that destroys pathogens entering the sanopharynx in the air
pharyngeal tonsil
112
just behind the openings of the pharygotympanic tubes into the pharynx
tubal tonsils
113
blind-ended _ that trap bacteria and particulate matter, deep into the interior of the tonsil
crypts
114
"(aka Peyer's patches), clusters of lymphoid follicles inthe walls of the distal part (ileum) of the small intestine"
aggregated lymphoid nodules
115
tubular offshoot of the first part (cecum) of the large intestine, lymphoid tissue is also heavily concentrated in the wall
appendix
116
"""chyle in the thorax"", leakage of the fatty lymph, chyle, from the thoracic duct into a pleural cavity in the thorax"
chylothorax
117
"""lymph vessel inflammation"", inflammation of a lymphatic vessel"
lymphangitis
118
viral disease, symptoms include fatigu, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and enlargement of the spleen; caused by Epstein-Barr virus which attacks B lymphocytes
mononucleosis
119
malignancy of the lymph nodes characterized by swollen, nonpainful nodes, fatigue, and often, persistent fever and night sweats
"Hodgekin's lymphoma"
120
"includes all cancers of lymphoid tissues except Hodgkin's lymphoma"
"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"
