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Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch6 Flashcards

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1
Q

articular cartilages

A

cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints

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2
Q

costal cartilages

A

connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

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3
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a cartilaginous structure which acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in the growth and repair of cartilage

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4
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells that, with an abundant extracellular matrix, make up the cartilage connective tissue

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5
Q

lacuna

A

each chondrocyte in cartilage tissue is located in a space in the matrix called a

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant kind of cartilage; chondrocytes appear spherical; only fiber is a collagen unit fibril; provides support through flexibility and resilience; makes up the articular cartilage that covers the ends of adjoining bones in movable joints and the cartilaginous attachments of the ribs to the sternum, accounts for most of the cartilage found in the respiratory structures, and forms the embryonic skeleton

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7
Q

elastic cartilage

A

matrix contains many elastic fibers along with collagen fibrils; found in the epiglottis and the outer ear

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8
Q

fibrocartilage

A

resists both strong compression and trong tension forces; occurs in certain ligaments and certain cartilages that experience both of these forces; consists of thick collagen fibers surrounding the chondrocytes within lacunae; exists in the anulus fibrosus portion of the discs between the vertebrae and in the articular discs of some joints eg the menisci of the knee

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9
Q

appositional growth

A

”"”growth from outside””, chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium produce the new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix”

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10
Q

interstitial growth

A

”"”growth from within””, the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix”

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11
Q

calcified cartilage

A

not bone; crystals of calcium phosphate precipitate in the matrix of cartilage under certain conditions

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12
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts

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13
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that catively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix: the ground substance and the collagen fibers

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14
Q

osteoid

A

the bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

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15
Q

osteocytes (bones)

A

osteoblasts completely surrounded by bone matrix and no longer producing new osteoid; function to keep the bone matrix healthy

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16
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells responsible for the resorption of bone; derived from a lineage of white blood cells

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17
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye

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18
Q

spongy bone

A

aka trabecular bone, internal to compact bone, a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat ieces called trabeculae and filled with red or yellow bone marrow

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19
Q

trabeculae

A

”"”little beams””, small needle-like or flat pieces that make the honeycomb of spongy bone”

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20
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, forms the long axis of a long bone

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21
Q

epiphyses

A

bone ends of a long bone

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22
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of the epiphyseal plate (aka growth plate) between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone

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23
Q

medullary cavity

A

aka marrow cavity, very center of the diaphysis of long bones is filled with yellow bone marrow

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24
Q

periosteum

A

”"”around the bone””, connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of the epiphyses; two sublayers: a superficial layer of dense irregular connective tissue which resists tension placed on a bone during bending, and a deep layer that abuts the compact bone which is osteogenic containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts”

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25
perforating collagen fiber bundles
thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix, securing periosteum to the underlying bone
26
endosteum
much thinner connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces, specifically the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central canals of osteons; also osteogenic
27
diploe
"""double"", the internal spongy bone of flat bones"
28
bone markings
provide a wealth of info about the functions of bone and muscles and on the relationship of bones to their associated soft structures
29
osteon
aka Haversian system, long, cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses; like miniature weight-bearing pillars; a group of concentric tubes resembling the rings of a tree trunk in cross section
30
lamella
"""little plate"", tube of the osteoen, a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction; in adjacent lamellae they run in roughly opposite directions"
31
central canal
aka Haversian canal, core of each osteon canal, lined with endosteum, contains its own blood vessels and its own nerve fibers
32
perforating canals
"aka Volkmann's canals, lie at right angles to te central canals of osteons and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and the marrow cavity"
33
canaliculi
"thin tubes occupied by the ""spider legs"" of osteocytes (the bodies lie in lacunae)"
34
interstitial lamellae
groups of impomplete lamellae lying between the osteons, remains of old osteons that have been cut hrough by bone remodeling
35
circumferential lamellae
occure in the external and internal surfaces of the layer of compact bone; each of these lamellae extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis
36
osteogenisis/ossification
names for the process of bone-tissue formation
37
membranous bones
develop from a mesenchymal membrane through a process called intramembranous ossification
38
endochondral bones
aka cartilage replacement bones, bones that develop as hyaline cartilage and are replaced thorugh a process called endochondral ossification
39
woven bone tissue
trabeculae are arranged in networks
40
endochondral ossification
all bones from the base of the skull down except the clavicle are endochondral bones; first modeled in hyaline cartilage which then is gradually replaced by bone tissue
41
periosteal bud
consists of a nutrient artery and vein, along with the cells that will form the bone marrow and contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
42
primary ossification center
bone tissue forming around the diaphysis from the periosteum and appearing in the center of the diaphysis
43
secondary ossification centers
areas of bone formation in the epiphyses
44
epiphyseal plates
aka growth plates, are responsible for lenthening the bones during the two decades following birth
45
resting zone
relatively small and inactive cartilage cells nearest the epiphysis
46
proliferation zone
"quickely dividing chondroblasts at the ""top"" of the stack of tall columns of cartilage cells"
47
hypertrophic zone
older chondrocytes deeper in the stacks of cartilage cells enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify
48
calcification zone
cartilage matrix becomes calcified and the chondrocytes die
49
ossification zone
spicules (trabeculae) of calcified cartilage on the diaphysis side of the epiphysis-diaphysis junction are partly eroded by osteoclasts, then covered with bone tissue by osteoblasts, forming spicules of bone
50
bone remodeling
bone is deposited and removed primarily at the endosteal surface
51
bone resorption
osteoclasts crawl along bone surfaces, digging pits as they break down the bone tissue via hydrochloric acid
52
bone deposition
osteoblasts law down organic osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium salts crystallize within this osteod
53
simple fracture
the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
54
compound fracture
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
55
reduction
the realignment of the broken bone ends
56
closed reduction
"bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician's hands"
57
open reduction
bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires
58
fibrocartilaginous callus
callus of dense connective tissue containing fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage
59
osteoporosis
characterized by low bone mass and a deterioration of the microscopic architecture of the bony skeleton
60
osteomalacia
"""soft bones"", applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized (calcification does not occur)"
61
rickets
child analog to osteomalacia but more severe
62
osteosarcoma
form of bone cancer
63
cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints
articular cartilages
64
connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
costal cartilages
65
layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a cartilaginous structure which acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in the growth and repair of cartilage
perichondrium
66
cells that, with an abundant extracellular matrix, make up the cartilage connective tissue
chondrocytes
67
each chondrocyte in cartilage tissue is located in a space in the matrix called a 
lacuna
68
most abundant kind of cartilage; chondrocytes appear spherical; only fiber is a collagen unit fibril; provides support through flexibility and resilience; makes up the articular cartilage that covers the ends of adjoining bones in movable joints and the cartilaginous attachments of the ribs to the sternum, accounts for most of the cartilage found in the respiratory structures, and forms the embryonic skeleton
hyaline cartilage
69
matrix contains many elastic fibers along with collagen fibrils; found in the epiglottis and the outer ear
elastic cartilage
70
resists both strong compression and trong tension forces; occurs in certain ligaments and certain cartilages that experience both of these forces; consists of thick collagen fibers surrounding the chondrocytes within lacunae; exists in the anulus fibrosus portion of the discs between the vertebrae and in the articular discs of some joints eg the menisci of the knee
fibrocartilage
71
"""growth from outside"", chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium produce the new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix"
appositional growth
72
"""growth from within"", the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix"
interstitial growth
73
not bone; crystals of calcium phosphate precipitate in the matrix of cartilage under certain conditions
calcified cartilage
74
stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
75
cells that catively produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix: the ground substance and the collagen fibers
osteoblasts
76
the bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
osteoid
77
osteoblasts completely surrounded by bone matrix and no longer producing new osteoid; function to keep the bone matrix healthy
osteocytes (bones)
78
cells responsible for the resorption of bone; derived from a lineage of white blood cells
osteoclasts
79
dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye
compact bone
80
aka trabecular bone, internal to compact bone, a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat ieces called trabeculae and filled with red or yellow bone marrow
spongy bone
81
"""little beams"", small needle-like or flat pieces that make the honeycomb of spongy bone"
trabeculae
82
shaft, forms the long axis of a long bone
diaphysis
83
bone ends of a long bone
epiphyses
84
remnant of the epiphyseal plate (aka growth plate) between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone
epiphyseal line
85
aka marrow cavity, very center of the diaphysis of long bones is filled with yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
86
"""around the bone"", connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of the epiphyses; two sublayers: a superficial layer of dense irregular connective tissue which resists tension placed on a bone during bending, and a deep layer that abuts the compact bone which is osteogenic containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts"
periosteum
87
thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix, securing periosteum to the underlying bone
perforating collagen fiber bundles
88
much thinner connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces, specifically the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central canals of osteons; also osteogenic
endosteum
89
"""double"", the internal spongy bone of flat bones"
diploe
90
provide a wealth of info about the functions of bone and muscles and on the relationship of bones to their associated soft structures
bone markings
91
aka Haversian system, long, cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses; like miniature weight-bearing pillars; a group of concentric tubes resembling the rings of a tree trunk in cross section
osteon
92
"""little plate"", tube of the osteoen, a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction; in adjacent lamellae they run in roughly opposite directions"
lamella
93
aka Haversian canal, core of each osteon canal, lined with endosteum, contains its own blood vessels and its own nerve fibers
central canal
94
"aka Volkmann's canals, lie at right angles to te central canals of osteons and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and the marrow cavity"
perforating canals
95
"thin tubes occupied by the ""spider legs"" of osteocytes (the bodies lie in lacunae)"
canaliculi
96
groups of incomplete lamellae lying between the osteons, remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling
interstitial lamellae
97
occure in the external and internal surfaces of the layer of compact bone; each of these lamellae extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis
circumferential lamellae
98
names for the process of bone-tissue formation
osteogenisis/ossification
99
develop from a mesenchymal membrane through a process called intramembranous ossification
membranous bones
100
aka cartilage replacement bones, bones that develop as hyaline cartilage and are replaced thorugh a process called endochondral ossification
endochondral bones
101
trabeculae are arranged in networks
woven bone tissue
102
all bones from the base of the skull down except the clavicle are endochondral bones; first modeled in hyaline cartilage which then is gradually replaced by bone tissue
endochondral ossification
103
consists of a nutrient artery and vein, along with the cells that will form the bone marrow and contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
periosteal bud
104
bone tissue forming around the diaphysis from the periosteum and appearing in the center of the diaphysis
primary ossification center
105
areas of bone formation in the epiphyses
secondary ossification centers
106
aka growth plates, are responsible for lenthening the bones during the two decades following birth
epiphyseal plates
107
relatively small and inactive cartilage cells nearest the epiphysis
resting zone
108
"quickely dividing chondroblasts at the ""top"" of the stack of tall columns of cartilage cells"
proliferation zone
109
older chondrocytes deeper in the stacks of cartilage cells enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify
hypertrophic zone
110
cartilage matrix becomes calcified and the chondrocytes die
calcification zone
111
spicules (trabeculae) of calcified cartilage on the diaphysis side of the epiphysis-diaphysis junction are partly eroded by osteoclasts, then covered with bone tissue by osteoblasts, forming spicules of bone
ossification zone
112
bone is deposited and removed primarily at the endosteal surface
bone remodeling
113
osteoclasts crawl along bone surfaces, digging pits as they break down the bone tissue via hydrochloric acid
bone resorption
114
osteoblasts law down organic osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium salts crystallize within this osteod
bone deposition
115
the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
simple fracture
116
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
compound fracture
117
the realignment of the broken bone ends
reduction
118
"bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician's hands"
closed reduction
119
bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires
open reduction
120
callus of dense connective tissue containing fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilaginous callus
121
characterized by low bone mass and a deterioration of the microscopic architecture of the bony skeleton
osteoporosis
122
"""soft bones"", applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized (calcification does not occur)"
osteomalacia
123
child analog to osteomalacia but more severe
rickets
124
form of bone cancer
osteosarcoma

Anatomy (42 decks)

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