Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch15

Question 1

preganglionic neuron

Answer 1

first of a chain of two motor neurons in the ANS

Question 2

preganglionic axon

Answer 2

aka preganglionic fiber, synapses with the second motor neuron, the postganglionic neuron

Question 3

autonomic ganglion

Answer 3

preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in a perihperal _

Question 4

postganglionic axon

Answer 4

aka postganglionic fiber, then extends to the visceral organs

Question 5

sympathetic division

Answer 5

responsible for the fight-or-flight response

Question 6

vasoconstriction

Answer 6

increased sympathetic input to the smooth muscle in some blood vessels stimulates contraction, producing _

Question 7

parasympathetic division

Answer 7

“most active when the body is at rest, conerned with conserving body energy and directing vital ““housekeeping”” activities such as digestion and the elimination of feces and urine (““rest and digest””)”

Question 8

thoracolumbar division

Answer 8

aka sympathetic fivision, fibers emerge from the thoracic and superior lumbar parts of the spinal cord

Question 9

craniosacral division

Answer 9

aka parasympathetic division, fibers emergy from the brain and the sacral spinal cord

Question 10

ciliary ganglion

Answer 10

postgonglionic cell bodies lie in the _, in the posterior part of the orbit just lateral to the optic nerve (oculomotor nerve III)

Question 11

pterygopalatine ganglion

Answer 11

just posterior to the maxilla, preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neuranos in the _ (facial nerve VII)

Question 12

submandibular ganglion

Answer 12

deep to the mandibular angle, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (Facial nerve VII)

Question 13

otic ganglion

Answer 13

inferior to the foramen ovale of the skull, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (glossophoryngeal nerve IX)

Question 14

cardiac plexus

Answer 14

vagus sends branches through the _ to the heart

Question 15

pulmonary plexus

Answer 15

vagus sends branches through the _ to the lungs

Question 16

esophageal plexus

Answer 16

vagus sends branches through the _ to the esophagus and into the stomach wall

Question 17

celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus

Answer 17

vagus sends branches through the _ and _ to the other obdominal organs (intestines, liver, pancrease, and so on)

Question 18

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Answer 18

axons of these preganglionic (sacral parasympathetic) neurons run in the ventral roots to the ventral rami, from which they branch to form _

Question 19

inferior hypogastric plexus

Answer 19

these preganglionic (sacral parasymathetic) nerves then run through an autonomic plexus in the pelvic floor, the _, to reach the pelvic organs

Question 20

sympathetic trunk ganglia

Answer 20

located along both sides of the vertebral column from the neck to the pelvis

Question 21

sympathetic trunks

Answer 21

aka symapthetic chains, long chains of sympathetic trunk ganglia linked by short nerves

Question 22

white and gray rami communicantes

Answer 22

“(simgular communicans, ““communicating arm””, join the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the ventral rami of nearby spinal nerves; white _ lie lateral to gray _”

Question 23

superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia

Answer 23

eight spinal nerves fuse into three sympathetic trunk ganglia, the _

Question 24

stellate ganglion

Answer 24

”"”star-shaped””, inferior cervical ganglion usually fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form the _ in the superior thorax”

Question 25

collateral ganglia

Answer 25

aka prevertebral ganglia, differ from the sympathetic trunk gangnlia in at least three ways: they are not paired and are not segmentally arranged; they occure only in the abdomen and pelvis; and they all lie anterior to the vertebral column, mostly on the large artery called the abdominal aorta

Question 26

thoracic splanchnic nerves

Answer 26

axons pass through the adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia and travel in _ (greater, lesser, and least) to synapse in collateral ganglia in the large plexuses on the abdominal aorta
these ganglia include the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

Question 27

inferior mesenteric plexus, aortic plexus, and hypogastric plexuses

Answer 27

postganglionic axons run in lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to plexuses on the lower aorta and in the pelvis, namely, the _, _, and _

Question 28

inferior mesenteric ganglia and inferior hypogastric ganglia

Answer 28

other preganglionic axons pass directly to these autonomic plexuses and synapse in collateral ganglia there, the _ and _

Question 29

adrenal (suprarenal) gland

Answer 29

on the superior aspect of each kidney, and its internal portion is the adrenal medulla

Question 30

adrenal medulla

Answer 30

major organ of the sympathetic nervous system, a specialized sympathitc ganglion containing a collection of modified postganglionic neurons that completely lack nerve processes; these neuron-derived cells secrete great quantities of two excitatory hormones into the blood of nearby capillaries during the fight-or-flight response

Question 31

epinephrine

Answer 31

"aka adrenaline, excitatory molecule, produces the widespread excitatory effects known as a ""surge of adrenaline"""

Question 32

visceral reflex arcs

Answer 32

visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in _ including the defecation reflex and the micturition reflex

Question 33

"Raynaud's disease"

Answer 33

characterized by intermittent attacks during which the skin of the fingers and toes becomes pale, then blue and painful, then red when the attack ends

Question 34

achalasia of the cardia

Answer 34

"condition in which some defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus results in a loss of that organ's ability to propel swallowed food inferiorly"

Question 35

congenital megacolon

Answer 35

"or Hirshsprung's disease, a birth defect in which the parasympathetic and enteric innervation of the distal region of the large intesting fails to develop nomally because migrating neural crest cells fail to reach this region"

Question 36

referred pain

Answer 36

the phenomenon where people suffering from visceral pain often perceive this pain to be somatic in origin, that is, as if it originated from the skin or outer body

Question 37

first of a chain of two motor neurons in the ANS

Answer 37

preganglionic neuron

Question 38

aka preganglionic fiber, synapses with the second motor neuron, the postganglionic neuron

Answer 38

preganglionic axon

Question 39

preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in a perihperal _

Answer 39

autonomic ganglion

Question 40

aka postganglionic fiber, then extends to the visceral organs

Answer 40

postganglionic axon

Question 41

responsible for the fight-or-flight response

Answer 41

sympathetic division

Question 42

increased sympathetic input to the smooth muscle in some blood vessels stimulates contraction, producing _

Answer 42

vasoconstriction

Question 43

"most active when the body is at rest, conerned with conserving body energy and directing vital ""housekeeping"" activities such as digestion and the elimination of feces and urine (""rest and digest"")"

Answer 43

parasympathetic division

Question 44

aka sympathetic fivision, fibers emerge from the thoracic and superior lumbar parts of the spinal cord

Answer 44

thoracolumbar division

Question 45

aka parasympathetic division, fibers emergy from the brain and the sacral spinal cord

Answer 45

craniosacral division

Question 46

postgonglionic cell bodies lie in the _, in the posterior part of the orbit just lateral to the optic nerve (oculomotor nerve III)

Answer 46

ciliary ganglion

Question 47

just posterior to the maxilla, preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neuranos in the _ (facial nerve VII)

Answer 47

pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 48

deep to the mandibular angle, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (Facial nerve VII)

Answer 48

submandibular ganglion

Question 49

inferior to the foramen ovale of the skull, preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in the _ (glossophoryngeal nerve IX)

Answer 49

otic ganglion

Question 50

vagus sends branches through the _ to the heart

Answer 50

cardiac plexus

Question 51

vagus sends branches through the _ to the lungs

Answer 51

pulmonary plexus

Question 52

vagus sends branches through the _ to the esophagus and into the stomach wall

Answer 52

esophageal plexus

Question 53

vagus sends branches through the _ and _ to the other obdominal organs (intestines, liver, pancrease, and so on)

Answer 53

celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus

Question 54

axons of these preganglionic (sacral parasympathetic) neurons run in the ventral roots to the ventral rami, from which they branch to form _

Answer 54

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 55

these preganglionic (sacral parasymathetic) nerves then run through an autonomic plexus in the pelvic floor, the _, to reach the pelvic organs

Answer 55

inferior hypogastric plexus

Question 56

located along both sides of the vertebral column from the neck to the pelvis

Answer 56

sympathetic trunk ganglia

Question 57

aka symapthetic chains, long chains of sympathetic trunk ganglia linked by short nerves

Answer 57

sympathetic trunks

Question 58

"(simgular communicans, ""communicating arm"", join the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the ventral rami of nearby spinal nerves; white _ lie lateral to gray _"

Answer 58

white and gray rami communicantes

Question 59

eight spinal nerves fuse into three sympathetic trunk ganglia, the _

Answer 59

superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia

Question 60

"""star-shaped"", inferior cervical ganglion usually fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form the _ in the superior thorax"

Answer 60

stellate ganglion

Question 61

aka prevertebral ganglia, differ from the sympathetic trunk gangnlia in at least three ways: they are not paired and are not segmentally arranged; they occure only in the abdomen and pelvis; and they all lie anterior to the vertebral column, mostly on the large artery called the abdominal aorta

Answer 61

collateral ganglia

Question 62

axons pass through the adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia and travel in _ (greater, lesser, and least) to synapse in collateral ganglia in the large plexuses on the abdominal aorta
these ganglia include the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

Answer 62

thoracic splanchnic nerves

Question 63

postganglionic axons run in lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to plexuses on the lower aorta and in the pelvis, namely, the _, _, and _

Answer 63

inferior mesenteric plexus, aortic plexus, and hypogastric plexuses

Question 64

other preganglionic axons pass directly to these autonomic plexuses and synapse in collateral ganglia there, the _ and _

Answer 64

inferior mesenteric ganglia and inferior hypogastric ganglia

Question 65

on the superior aspect of each kidney, and its internal portion is the adrenal medulla

Answer 65

adrenal (suprarenal) gland

Question 66

major organ of the sympathetic nervous system, a specialized sympathitc ganglion containing a collection of modified postganglionic neurons that completely lack nerve processes; these neuron-derived cells secrete great quantities of two excitatory hormones into the blood of nearby capillaries during the fight-or-flight response

Answer 66

adrenal medulla

Question 67

"aka adrenaline, excitatory molecule, produces the widespread excitatory effects known as a ""surge of adrenaline"""

Answer 67

epinephrine

Question 68

visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in _ including the defecation reflex and the micturition reflex

Answer 68

visceral reflex arcs

Question 69

characterized by intermittent attacks during which the skin of the fingers and toes becomes pale, then blue and painful, then red when the attack ends

Answer 69

"Raynaud's disease"

Question 70

"condition in which some defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus results in a loss of that organ's ability to propel swallowed food inferiorly"

Answer 70

achalasia of the cardia

Question 71

"or Hirshsprung's disease, a birth defect in which the parasympathetic and enteric innervation of the distal region of the large intesting fails to develop nomally because migrating neural crest cells fail to reach this region"

Answer 71

congenital megacolon

Question 72

the phenomenon where people suffering from visceral pain often perceive this pain to be somatic in origin, that is, as if it originated from the skin or outer body

Answer 72

referred pain