Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch11

Question 1

circular [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 1

fascicles arranged in concentric rings, surround external body openings which they close by contracting, e.g. orxicularis oris muscle around the mouth and the orbicularis oculi around the eyes

Question 2

convergent [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 2

the origin of the muscle is broad and the fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion, triangular of fan-shaped muscle, the muscle fibers extend the length of the muscle from origin to insertion, e.g. pectoralis major muscle in the anterior thorax

Question 3

parallel [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 3

long axes of the fascicles run papallel to the long axis of the muscle and the muscle fibers extend from origin to insertion, muscles are either fusiform with and expanded central belly like the biceps brachii of the arm or straplike like the sartorius muscle of the lower limb

Question 4

pennate [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 4

the fascicles and the the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle, makes the muscle look like a feather

Question 5

multipennate [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 5

looks like many feathers situated side by side with all the quills inserting into one large tendon, e.g. deltoid muscle

Question 6

bipennate [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 6

fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides, e.g. rectus femoris muscle of the thigh

Question 7

unipennate [pattern of fascicles]

Answer 7

fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, e.g. the extensor digitorum longus muscle on the anterior leg

Question 8

lever

Answer 8

rigid bar that moves on a fixed point, the fulcrum, when a force is applied to the lever

Question 9

effort

Answer 9

the applied force is used to move a resistance, or load

Question 10

power lever

Answer 10

the load to be moved is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum so a small effort can move a large load

Question 11

mechanical advantage

Answer 11

a small effort can move a large load

Question 12

mechanical disadvantage

Answer 12

requires a large effort to move a small load

Question 13

speed lever

Answer 13

the load arm is longer than the effort arm, so the load is moved over a greater distance and also at a greater speed

Question 14

law of levers

Answer 14

when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical advantage; when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage

Question 15

first-class levers

Answer 15

the fulcrum is located between the load and the point at which the effort is applied

Question 16

second-class lever

Answer 16

the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is applied farther away from the fulcrum than the load, e.g. wheelbarrow

Question 17

third-class lever

Answer 17

the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is appled closer to the fulcrum that the load, e.g. forceps

Question 18

prime mover

Answer 18

aka agonist, a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is the agonist of that motion (can have two agonists)

Question 19

antagonists

Answer 19

”"”against the leader””, muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement”

Question 20

fixators

Answer 20

synergists that hold a bone firmly in place so that a prime mover has a stable base on which to move a body part

Question 21

somitomeres

Answer 21

”"”somite pieces””, the first seven myotome-like structures in the head collecwively are called _”

Question 22

muscle of the visceral organs

Answer 22

smooth or cardiac, develops from the splanchnic mesoderm around the early gut

Question 23

pharyngeal arch muscles

Answer 23

“aka brachiomeric muscles (““gill segment””), skeletal muscles of the pharynx (throat region of the digestive tract) plus some otehr muscles in the head and neck, develop around the embryonic pharynx from the fourth to seventh somitomeres”

Question 24

axial muscles

Answer 24

skeletal muscles of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, plus many muscles of the neck and a few in the head, lie anterior and posterior to the bod axis (vertebral column) and their main functions are moving the trunk and maintaining posture, develop from the myotomes and some somitomeres

Question 25

limb muscles

Answer 25

upper and lower limbs arise from the ventral region as limb buds and limb muscles develop from the lateral parts of the nearby myotomes

Question 26

compartments

Answer 26

in the limbs, dense fibrous connective tissue divides the extensor (dorsal) and flexor (ventral) muscle masses into anatomical _

Question 27

palpation

Answer 27

"""touching"", feeling internal structures through the skin with the fingers"

Question 28

posterior triangle

Answer 28

aka lateral cervical region, defined by the sternocleoidomastoid anteriorly, the trapezius posteriorly, and the clavicle inferiorly

Question 29

anterior triangle

Answer 29

aka anterior cervical region, defined by the inferior margin of the mandible superiorly, the midline of the neck anteriorly, and the sternocleidomastoid posteriorly

Question 30

midaxillary line

Answer 30

extends inferiorly from the center of the axilla onto the lateral thoracic wall

Question 31

midclavicular line

Answer 31

runs from the midpoint of the clavicle and extends inferiorly to the groin, passing about 1 cm medial to the nipple

Question 32

anterior superior iliac spine

Answer 32

most anterior point of the iliac crest, this spine is a prominent landmark that can be palpated in everyone even the overweight

Question 33

inguinal ligament

Answer 33

indicated by a groove on the skin of the groin, runs medially from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone

Question 34

linea semilunaris

Answer 34

"""half-moon line"", in the skin of lean people, the lateral margin of each rectus muscle makes a groove known as the _"

Question 35

posterior median furrow

Answer 35

vertical groove in the center of the back

Question 36

supracristal line

Answer 36

horizontal line through the right and left superior points of each iliac crest (rougly halfway between the posterior mediun furrow and the lateral sides of the body) intersects L4 providing a simple way to locate that vertebra

Question 37

base of the axilla

Answer 37

the groove in which the underarm hair grows

Question 38

axillary folds

Answer 38

two thick, rounded ridges of muscle between which is the base of the axilla

Question 39

anterior axillary fold

Answer 39

just anterior to the base of the axilla, a fold formed by the pectoralis major muscle

Question 40

posterior axillary fold

Answer 40

formed by the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles of the back as they course toward their insertions on teh humerus

Question 41

medial bicipital groove

Answer 41

medial boundary of the biceps

Question 42

cubital fossa (elbow)

Answer 42

triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow region, superior base of the triangle is formed by a horizontal line between the humeral epicondyles, and the two inferior sides of the triangel are defined by the brachioradialis and pronator teres muscles

Question 43

anatomical snuff box

Answer 43

a traiangular depression in the base of the thumb on the back of the hand when extended and pointing posteriorly, two elevated borders are defined by the tendons of the thumb abductor and extensor muscles, abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the radial side and extensor pollicis longus on the olnar side, the floor of the snuff box is mainly the scaphoid bone of the wrist but the styloid process of the radius is also located here

Question 44

natal cleft

Answer 44

aka intergluteal cleft, vertical midline groove between the two prominences of the buttocks

Question 45

gluteal fold

Answer 45

inferior margin of each prominence is roughly horizontal, which roughly corresponds to the inferior margin of the gludeus maximus

Question 46

femoral triangle

Answer 46

three-sided depression on the anterosuperior surface of the thigh, superior border is formed by the inguinal sigament and its two inferior borders are defined by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles

Question 47

popliteal fossa

Answer 47

diamond-shaped hollow on the posterior of the knee, the biceps femoris forms the superolateral border, the semitendinosus and semimembranosus define the superomedial border, and the two heads of the gastrocnemius form the two inferior borders

Question 48

synergists

Answer 48

"""together-worker"", help the prime movers, either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undersirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce"

Question 49

fascicles arranged in concentric rings, surround external body openings which they close by contracting, e.g. orxicularis oris muscle around the mouth and the orbicularis oculi around the eyes

Answer 49

circular [pattern of fascicles]

Question 50

the origin of the muscle is broad and the fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion, triangular of fan-shaped muscle, the muscle fibers extend the length of the muscle from origin to insertion, e.g. pectoralis major muscle in the anterior thorax

Answer 50

convergent [pattern of fascicles]

Question 51

long axes of the fascicles run papallel to the long axis of the muscle and the muscle fibers extend from origin to insertion, muscles are either fusiform with and expanded central belly like the biceps brachii of the arm or straplike like the sartorius muscle of the lower limb

Answer 51

parallel [pattern of fascicles]

Question 52

the fascicles and the the muscle fibers are short and attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle, makes the muscle look like a feather

Answer 52

pennate [pattern of fascicles]

Question 53

looks like many feathers situated side by side with all the quills inserting into one large tendon, e.g. deltoid muscle

Answer 53

multipennate [pattern of fascicles]

Question 54

fascicles insert into the tendon from  both sides, e.g. rectus femoris muscle of the thigh

Answer 54

bipennate [pattern of fascicles]

Question 55

fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, e.g. the extensor digitorum longus muscle on the anterior leg

Answer 55

unipennate [pattern of fascicles]

Question 56

rigid bar that moves on a fixed point, the fulcrum, when a force is applied to the lever

Answer 56

lever

Question 57

the applied force is used to move a resistance, or load

Answer 57

effort

Question 58

the load to be moved is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum so a small effort can move a large load

Answer 58

power lever

Question 59

a small effort can move a large load

Answer 59

mechanical advantage

Question 60

requires a large effort to move a small load

Answer 60

mechanical disadvantage

Question 61

the load arm is longer than the effort arm, so the load is moved over a greater distance and also at a greater speed

Answer 61

speed lever

Question 62

when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical advantage; when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage

Answer 62

law of levers

Question 63

the fulcrum is located between the load and the point at which the effort is applied

Answer 63

first-class levers

Question 64

the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is applied farther away from the fulcrum than the load, e.g. wheelbarrow

Answer 64

second-class lever

Question 65

the load and the effort are on the same side of the fulcrum, and the effort is appled closer to the fulcrum that the load, e.g. forceps

Answer 65

third-class lever

Question 66

aka agonist, a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is the agonist of that motion (can have two agonists)

Answer 66

prime mover

Question 67

"""against the leader"", muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement"

Answer 67

antagonists

Question 68

synergists that hold a bone firmly in place so that a prime mover has a stable base on which to move a body part

Answer 68

fixators

Question 69

"""somite pieces"", the first seven myotome-like structures in the head collecwively are called _"

Answer 69

somitomeres

Question 70

smooth or cardiac, develops from the splanchnic mesoderm around the early gut

Answer 70

muscle of the visceral organs

Question 71

"aka brachiomeric muscles (""gill segment""), skeletal muscles of the pharynx (throat region of the digestive tract) plus some otehr muscles in the head and neck, develop around the embryonic pharynx from the  fourth to seventh somitomeres"

Answer 71

pharyngeal arch muscles

Question 72

skeletal muscles of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, plus many muscles of the neck and a few in the head, lie anterior and posterior to the bod axis (vertebral column) and their main functions are moving the trunk and maintaining posture, develop from the myotomes and some somitomeres

Answer 72

axial muscles

Question 73

upper and lower limbs arise from the ventral region as limb buds and limb muscles develop from the lateral parts of the nearby myotomes

Answer 73

limb muscles

Question 74

in the limbs, dense fibrous connective tissue divides the extensor (dorsal) and flexor (ventral) muscle masses into anatomical _

Answer 74

compartments

Question 75

"""touching"", feeling internal structures through the skin with the fingers"

Answer 75

palpation

Question 76

aka lateral cervical region, defined by the sternocleoidomastoid anteriorly, the trapezius posteriorly, and the clavicle inferiorly

Answer 76

posterior triangle

Question 77

aka anterior cervical region, defined by the inferior margin of the mandible superiorly, the midline of the neck anteriorly, and the sternocleidomastoid posteriorly

Answer 77

anterior triangle

Question 78

extends inferiorly from the center of the axilla onto the lateral thoracic wall

Answer 78

midaxillary line

Question 79

runs from the midpoint of the clavicle and extends inferiorly to the groin, passing about 1 cm medial to the nipple

Answer 79

midclavicular line

Question 80

most anterior point of the iliac crest, this spine is a prominent landmark that can be palpated in everyone even the overweight

Answer 80

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 81

indicated by a groove on the skin of the groin, runs medially from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone

Answer 81

inguinal ligament

Question 82

"""half-moon line"", in the skin of lean people, the lateral margin of each rectus muscle makes a groove known as the _"

Answer 82

linea semilunaris

Question 83

vertical groove in the center of the back

Answer 83

posterior median furrow

Question 84

horizontal line through the right and left superior points of each iliac crest (rougly halfway between the posterior mediun furrow and the lateral sides of the body) intersects L4 providing a simple way to locate that vertebra

Answer 84

supracristal line

Question 85

the groove in which the underarm hair grows

Answer 85

base of the axilla

Question 86

two thick, rounded ridges of muscle between which is the base of the axilla

Answer 86

axillary folds

Question 87

just anterior to the base of the axilla, a fold formed by the pectoralis major muscle

Answer 87

anterior axillary fold

Question 88

formed by the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles of the back as they course toward their insertions on teh humerus

Answer 88

posterior axillary fold

Question 89

medial boundary of the biceps

Answer 89

medial bicipital groove

Question 90

triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow region, superior base of the triangle is formed by a horizontal line between the humeral epicondyles, and the two inferior sides of the triangel are defined by the brachioradialis and pronator teres muscles

Answer 90

cubital fossa (elbow)

Question 91

a traiangular depression in the base of the thumb on the back of the hand when extended and pointing posteriorly, two elevated borders are defined by the tendons of the thumb abductor and extensor muscles, abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the radial side and extensor pollicis longus on the olnar side, the floor of the snuff box is mainly the scaphoid bone of the wrist but the styloid process of the radius is also located here

Answer 91

anatomical snuff box

Question 92

aka intergluteal cleft, vertical midline groove between the two prominences of the buttocks

Answer 92

natal cleft

Question 93

inferior margin of each prominence is roughly horizontal, which roughly corresponds to the inferior margin of the gludeus maximus

Answer 93

gluteal fold

Question 94

three-sided depression on the anterosuperior surface of the thigh, superior border is formed by the inguinal sigament and its two inferior borders are defined by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles

Answer 94

femoral triangle

Question 95

diamond-shaped hollow on the posterior of the knee, the biceps femoris forms the superolateral border, the semitendinosus and semimembranosus define the superomedial border, and the two heads of the gastrocnemius form the two inferior borders

Answer 95

popliteal fossa

Question 96

"""together-worker"", help the prime movers, either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undersirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce"

Answer 96

synergists