Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch2 Flashcards
1
Q
plasma membrane
A
forms the boundary of the cell and selectively allows materials to pass into and out of the cell
2
Q
ribosomes
A
produce proteins
3
Q
endoplasmic riticulum
A
rough ER produces proteins, and smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium
4
Q
golgi
A
packages proteins for use either within or outside of the cell
5
Q
lysosomes
A
break down used proteins and other cellular debris
6
Q
mitochondria
A
make energy
7
Q
peroxisomes
A
neutralize and remove toxic substances within the cell
8
Q
cytoskeletal
A
maintain cell shape and structure and transport materials within the cell
9
Q
nucleus
A
directs the operation of the cell
10
Q
plasma membrane/plasmalemma
A
defines the extent of the cell, thereby separating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid
11
Q
integral proteins
A
firmly imbedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer
12
Q
peripheral proteins
A
not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, but attach rather loosely to the membrane surface
13
Q
receptors
A
have the ability to bind to specific molecules arriving from the outside of the cell
14
Q
simple diffusion
A
tendency of molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient
15
Q
osmosis
A
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane
16
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
diffusing through the plama membrane by moving through a specific integral protein
17
Q
active transport
A
integral proteins move molecules across the plama membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy
18
Q
endocytosis
A
the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells
19
Q
vesicle
A
membrane-walled sac
20
Q
phagocytosis
A
”"”cell eating””, protect the body by ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as the body’s dead and diseased cells”
21
Q
pinocytosis
A
”"”cell drinking””, and unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid”
22
Q
receptor-mediated endocytosis
A
an exquisitely selective transport process where the substance bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane for transport into the cell (e.g. insulin, LDLs)
23
Q
exocytosis
A
”"”out of the cell”” is an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell”
24
Q
cytoplasm
A
”"”cell-forming material”” is the part of the cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus; consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions”
25
cytosol
jellylike, fluid-containing substance within which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
26
ribosomal RNA
construct, with proteins, ribosomes
27
messenger RNA
carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes
28
free ribosomes
make the soluble proteins that function within the cytosol itself
29
rough endoplasmic reticulum
consists mainly of stacked membrane-enclosed cavities called cisterns
30
cisterns
"""fluid-filled cavities"" that make up rough ER"
31
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
consists of tubules arranged in a branching network
32
Golgi apparatus
stack of 3-10 disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane
33
cis face
the convex cis face recieves spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER
34
trans face
new vesicles bud off a trans face (concave) to leave the apparatus
35
transport vesicles
spherical, membranous, received by the cis face; bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus
36
secretory vesicles
"ultimately release their contents to the cell's exterior by exocytosis"
37
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the high-energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reactions
38
free radicals
"normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate they can destroy the cell's proteins, membranes, and DNA"
39
microfilaments
strands of the protein actin (also called actin filaments)
40
myosin
interact with actin filaments to generate contractile forces within the cell
41
intermediate filaments
tough, insoluable protein fibers
42
microtubles
hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins
43
centrosome
spherical structure in the citoplasm near the nucleus
44
centrosome matrix
outer cloud of protein in the centrosome
45
centrioles
inner pair that, with centrosome matrix, makes up the centrosome
46
lipid droplets
spherical drops of stored fat
47
glycosomes
"store sugar in the form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell's main energy source"
48
deoxyribonucleic acid
"directs the cell's activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis"
49
neclear envelope
consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space; surrounds the nucleus
50
nuclear lamina
protein filaments lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope which maintain the shape of the nucleus
51
nuclear pores
penetrate the regions where the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse
52
nucleolus
"contains parts of several different chromosomes and serves as the cell's ribosome-producing machine"
53
chromatin
DNA molecule plus the proteins
54
histones
each two turns of the DNA helix is packed with eigh disc-shaped protein molecules called histones
55
nucleosome
cluster of DNA and histones
56
extended chromatin
chromatin in the form of beads-on-a-string-appearance
57
condensed chromatin
further coiling of the nucleosomes forms a tight helical fiber
58
transcription
"the process where DNA's genetic code is copied onto messenger RNA molecules"
59
chromosome
"""colored body"" contains a single, very long molecule of DNA"
60
cell life cycle
series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it reproducess itself: interphase and cell division or mitotic phase
61
interphase
a cell carries on its life-sustaining activities and prepares for the next cell division
62
G1 (gap 1)
cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously
63
S (synthetic) phase
DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two daughter cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material
64
G2 (gap 2)
the enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
65
M (mitotic) phase
cells divide: mitosis and cytokinesis
66
Mitosis
series of events during which the replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells, culminating in the division of the nucleus
67
cytokenesis
"""cells moving (apart)"", the separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle"
68
telomeres
structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide
69
translation (ribosomes)
building blocks called amino acids are linked together to form protein molecules
70
inclusions (cytoplasmic inclusions)
temporary structures in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a given cell type; include pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores (lipid droplets and glycosomes)
71
forms the boundary of the cell and selectively allows materials to pass into and out of the cell
plasma membrane
72
produce proteins
ribosomes
73
rough ER produces proteins, and smooth ER metabolizes lipids and stores calcium
endoplasmic riticulum
74
packages proteins for use either within or outside of the cell
golgi
75
break down used proteins and other cellular debris
lysosomes
76
make energy
mitochondria
77
neutralize and remove toxic substances within the cell
peroxisomes
78
maintain cell shape and structure and transport materials within the cell
cytoskeletal
79
directs the operation of the cell
nucleus
80
defines the extent of the cell, thereby separating the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid
plasma membrane/plasmalemma
81
firmly imbedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer
integral proteins
82
not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, but attach rather loosely to the membrane surface
peripheral proteins
83
have the ability to bind to specific molecules arriving from the outside of the cell
receptors
84
tendency of molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient
simple diffusion
85
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane
osmosis
86
diffusing through the plama membrane by moving through a specific integral protein
facilitated diffusion
87
integral proteins move molecules across the plama membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires the use of energy
active transport
88
the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells
endocytosis
89
membrane-walled sac
vesicle
90
"""cell eating"", protect the body by ingesting bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as the body's dead and diseased cells"
phagocytosis
91
"""cell drinking"", and unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid"
pinocytosis
92
an exquisitely selective transport process where the substance bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane for transport into the cell (e.g. insulin, LDLs)
receptor-mediated endocytosis
93
"""out of the cell"" is an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell"
exocytosis
94
"""cell-forming material"" is the part of the cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus; consists of three major elements: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions"
cytoplasm
95
jellylike, fluid-containing substance within which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
cytosol
96
construct, with proteins, ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
97
carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes
messenger RNA
98
make the soluble proteins that function within the cytosol itself
free ribosomes
99
consists mainly of stacked membrane-enclosed cavities called cisterns
rough endoplasmic reticulum
100
"""fluid-filled cavities"" that make up rough ER"
cisterns
101
consists of tubules arranged in a branching network
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
102
stack of 3-10 disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane
Golgi apparatus
103
the convex cis face recieves spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER
cis face
104
new vesicles bud off a trans face (concave) to leave the apparatus
trans face
105
spherical, membranous, received by the cis face; bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus
transport vesicles
106
"ultimately release their contents to the cell's exterior by exocytosis"
secretory vesicles
107
the high-energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reactions
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
108
"normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate they can destroy the cell's proteins, membranes, and DNA"
free radicals
109
strands of the protein actin (also called actin filaments)
microfilaments
110
interact with actin filaments to generate contractile forces within the cell
myosin
111
tough, insoluable protein fibers
intermediate filaments
112
hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins
microtubles
113
spherical structure in the citoplasm near the nucleus
centrosome
114
outer cloud of protein in the centrosome
centrosome matrix
115
inner pair that, with centrosome matrix, makes up the centrosome
centrioles
116
spherical drops of stored fat
lipid droplets
117
"store sugar in the form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules, the cell's main energy source"
glycosomes
118
"directs the cell's activities by providing the instructions for protein synthesis"
deoxyribonucleic acid
119
consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space; surrounds the nucleus
neclear envelope
120
protein filaments lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope which maintain the shape of the nucleus
nuclear lamina
121
penetrate the regions where the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse
nuclear pores
122
"contains parts of several different chromosomes and serves as the cell's ribosome-producing machine"
nucleolus
123
DNA molecule plus the proteins
chromatin
124
each two turns of the DNA helix is packed with eigh disc-shaped protein molecules called histones
histones
125
cluster of DNA and histones
nucleosome
126
chromatin in the form of beads-on-a-string-appearance
extended chromatin
127
further coiling of the nucleosomes forms a tight helical fiber
condensed chromatin
128
"the process where DNA's genetic code is copied onto messenger RNA molecules"
transcription
129
"""colored body"" contains a single, very long molecule of DNA"
chromosome
130
series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it reproducess itself: interphase and cell division or mitotic phase
cell life cycle
131
a cell carries on its life-sustaining activities and prepares for the next cell division
interphase
132
cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously
G1 (gap 1)
133
DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two daughter cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material
S (synthetic) phase
134
the enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
G2 (gap 2)
135
cells divide: mitosis and cytokinesis
M (mitotic) phase
136
series of events during which the replicated DNA of the original cell is parceled out into two new cells, culminating in the division of the nucleus
Mitosis
137
"""cells moving (apart)"", the separation of one cell into two at the end of the cell cycle"
cytokenesis
138
structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide
telomeres
139
building blocks called amino acids are linked together to form protein molecules
translation (ribosomes)
140
temporary structures in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a given cell type; include pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores (lipid droplets and glycosomes)
inclusions (cytoplasmic inclusions)
