b20

Question 1

the changes that occur across the lifespan, from conception to death

Answer 1

development

Question 2

what is development driven by? two things

Answer 2

maturation and learning

Question 3

what are developmentalists 3 goals?

Answer 3

1. describe development
2. explain development
3. optimize development

Question 4

What is this called and WHO came up with it: children are born full of sin, evil and that they needed to be molded by society

Answer 4

original sin

Thomas Hobbes

Question 5

What is this called and WHO came up with it: children are born knowing what is right and what is wrong
It is society that corrupts children

Answer 5

innate purity

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 6

What is this called and WHO came up with it: children are born with a clean state, they are neither good or bad

Answer 6

Tabula Rasa

John Locke

Question 7

testing a theory or hypothesis using objective and replicable methods

Answer 7

Scientific Method

Question 8

theoretical predications for an experiment

Answer 8

hypotheses

Question 9

a way of describing and/or explaining patterns of behavior

Answer 9

theory

Question 10

As part of the scientific method, measures should be what two things?

Answer 10

1. reliable
2. valid

Question 11

the extent to which a measure yields consistent results

Answer 11

reliable

Question 12

the extent to which a test measures what it intended to measure

Answer 12

valid

Question 13

are two variables related, what type of design?

Answer 13

correlational designs

Question 14

how does change in one variable influence another variable, what type of design?

Answer 14

experimental designs

Question 15

the variable that is being manipulated

Answer 15

independent variable

Question 16

the variable that is being measured

Answer 16

dependent variable

Question 17

another variable that may influence the dependent variable

Answer 17

confounding variable

Question 18

unbiased assignment of participants to conditions

Answer 18

random assignments

Question 19

What are three ways in which we measure developmental changes over time?

Answer 19

1. cross sectional design
2. longitudinal design
3. sequential design

Question 20

data from various age groups collected at one point in time

Answer 20

cross-sectional design

Question 21

measuring the same individual across time

Answer 21

longitudinal design

Question 22

studying/measuring different age groups over time

Answer 22

sequential design

Question 23

the expression of approval or agreement

Answer 23

assent

Question 24

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

Answer 24

consent

Question 24

the tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others

Answer 24

selective attrition

Question 25

what is relevant and true in one generation might not be relevant and true in another generation

Answer 25

cross-generlational prob

Question 25

the period within the seventh prenatal month (last two months) and 2 years of age when more than half of the child’s evental brain weight is added

Answer 25

Brain growth spurt

Question 26

what is the term for oxygen deprivation at birth

Answer 26

anoxia

Question 27

what is the disorder in which a deficiency in surfactin causes irregular breathing or stops breathing?

Answer 27

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 28

a quick test performed on a baby at 1 to 5 minutes after birth, this tells us what

Answer 28

apgar test, tells us how well the baby is doing outside the mother's womb

Question 29

a test administers to babies a few days after birth or months after

Answer 29

Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Question 30

unlearned and automatic response to a stimulus or class of stimuli

Answer 30

Reflex

Question 31

inborn responses such as breathing, sucking, and swallowing that enable the newborn to adapt to the environment

Answer 31

Survival reflexes

Question 32

an infant who is touched on the cheek will turn in that direction and search for something to suck

Answer 32

Rooting reflex

Question 33

reflexes controlled by subcortical areas of the brain that gradually disappear over the first year of life.

Answer 33

Primitive reflexes

Question 34

a white, cheesy covering that helps prevent chapped skin

Answer 34

vernix

Question 35

a fine layer of body hair to help cover the body

Answer 35

lanugo

Question 36

what is the brain growth spurt

Answer 36

period from 7 months gestation to 2 years of age of rapid brain development in which the brain goes from 25% of its adult weight to 75% of its adult weight

Question 37

what causes the brain growth spurt

Answer 37

myelination and synaptogenesis

Question 38

what pathways are myelinated at birth

Answer 38

sensory pathways

Question 39

what is synaptic pruning?

Answer 39

refers to the refinement and elimination of neurons

Question 40

synaptic pruning is an exmaple of

Answer 40

brain plasticity

Question 41

the brain is shaped by experience

Answer 41

brain plasticity

Question 42

increased sensitivity to frequently encountered stimuli and reduced sensitivity to infrequently encountered stimuli

Answer 42

Perceptual narrowing

Question 43

what leads to perceptual narrowing

Answer 43

synaptic pruning

Question 44

what are the three theories that possibly explain perceptual narrowing? and which is the one that is right

Answer 44

1. perceptual learning theory 2. universal theory 3. attunement theory the one that is right is the attunement theory

Question 45

the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by

Answer 45

the corpus callosum

Question 46

outer layer of the cerebrum (main part of brain) is what

Answer 46

cerebral cortex, grey matter

Question 47

the specialisation of brain functions in the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Answer 47

Cerebral lateralization

Question 48

when does cerebral lateralization start

Answer 48

prenatal period

Question 49

inborn responses such as breathing, sucking and swallowing that are valuable for survival

Answer 49

survival reflexes

Question 50

a reflex that is a reminisce of evolutionary history, may have had a purpose before but not now

Answer 50

Primitive reflexes

Question 51

stroke the bottom of a babies foot, and the toes will fan out and then curl back out

Answer 51

Babinski reflex

Question 52

sensation

Answer 52

information received by sense organs

Question 53

perception

Answer 53

our interpretation of information received by sense organs

Question 54

blank slate

Answer 54

tabula rasa

Question 55

infants hearing can be disrupted by fluid in the middle of the ear, this is called

Answer 55

otitis media

Question 56

which person is recognized by operant conditioning

Answer 56

B.F Skinner

Question 57

what is a zygote

Answer 57

fathers sperm + mothers ovum

Question 58

a group of nucleotide bases on the DNA that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions

Answer 58

Gene

Question 59

does crossing over happen in mitosis or meiosis

Answer 59

meiosis

Question 60

one zygote that divides to from two genetically identical individuals

Answer 60

Monozygotic (identical twins)

Question 61

occurs when two ova are released simultaneously and each is fertilized by a different sperm

Answer 61

Dizygotic (fraternal twins)

Question 62

genotype

Answer 62

genetic makeup of an organism

Question 63

observable characteristic

Answer 63

Phenotype

Question 64

two alleles are expressed equally as strongly

Answer 64

Codominance

Question 65

an example of codominance is

Answer 65

blood type

Question 66

characteristics influences by many pairs of alleles

Answer 66

Polygenic traits

Question 67

A time when it is particularly susceptible to damage from teratogens

Answer 67

sensitive period

Question 68

method in which the researcher seeks to understand the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and notes.

Answer 68

ethnography

Question 69

a study in which the investigator measures the impact of some naturally occurring event that is assumed to affect people’s lives.

Answer 69

natural (quasi) experiment

Question 70

the tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others

Answer 70

Selective attrition

Question 71

what is relevant and true in one generation might not be relevant and true in another generation, differences in the generalizability of findings

Answer 71

cross-generalizational prob

Question 72

the expression of approval or agreement

Answer 72

assent

Question 73

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

Answer 73

consent

Question 74

What makes a good theory?

Answer 74

has to be 1. falsifiable 2. parsimonious 3. heuristic

Question 75

Four Overarching Themes in Developmental Psychology:

Answer 75

1. continuity and discontinuity 2. nature and nurture 3. active children 4. holilstic nature of development

Question 76

stability in rank, change in regards to a specific characteristic

Answer 76

positional