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cell bio Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell biology

A

the study of cells at microscopic and molecular levels

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2
Q

describe phospholipid structure

A
  • hydrophilic heads (love water, interact with water)
  • hydrophobic tails (hate water, do not interact with water)
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3
Q

molecules that speed up a chemical reaction without changing

A

catalysts

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4
Q

what are the two types of prokaryotes

A

bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (archaebacteria)

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5
Q

what element are biomolecules centred around

A

carbon

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6
Q

______ are not present in plant cells

A

cholesterol, type of lipid steroid

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7
Q

what are the two organelles that plants have that animals lack

A

chloroplasts and vacuoles

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8
Q

name the organelle:
contents of the whole cell that are within the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

portion of cytoplasm that is outside membrane enclosed organelles

A

cytosol

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10
Q

generation of ATP happens where

A

mitochondra/chloroplasts

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11
Q

most membrane protein and soluble organelle protein synthesis happens where

A

endoplasmic reticulum ER

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12
Q

sorting of proteins and lipids from ER happens where

A

Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

which organelle contains genome, DNA and RNA synthesis

A

nucleus

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14
Q

what organelle move most material between organelles and up-taken extracellular molecules

A

endosomes

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15
Q

organelle that degrades unneeded intracellular organelles and extracellular molecules that get brought into the cell

A

lysosomes

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16
Q

aggregate of molecules based on weak, multivalent interactions between scaffolds and client molecules which keep them in the area, lack surrounding membranes

A

biomolecular condensates

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17
Q

transport of proteins from one compartment to another by membrane-bound intermediates (vesicles)

A

vesicular transport

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18
Q

a membrane enclosed dynamic cellular organelle that is involved in the selective transport of proteins/material to other compartments

A

vesicle

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19
Q

process of a protein moving across a membrane

A

protein translocation

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20
Q

dense core of enzymes involved in many processes and also the site of synthesis and destruction of hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

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21
Q

where do peroxisome proteins come from

A
  • peroxisomal membrane proteins come from the ER with peroxisome precursors
  • proteins from cytosol
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22
Q

in the mitochondria there are how many membranes and how many aqueous spaces?

A

2 membranes: outer member and inner membrane

2 aqueous spaces: matrix and intermembrane space

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23
Q

where are proteins that are made in the ER translated?

A

on ribosomes attached to rough ER

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24
Q

where are proteins that are made in the cytosol translated

A

on free ribosomes in cytosol

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25
what happens in the smooth ER
1. synthesis of steroid hormones 2. storage of calcium ions 3. detoxification of alcohol and liver cells (barbiturates)
26
Term for the portion of each amino acid that gives the amino acid its unique properties
side chain
27
protein folding is mediated by what kind of interactions
non-covalent (ionic, van der waals, etc)
28
when folding of protein begins right away what is it called
co-translational
29
what helps proteins fold into shape
chaperons
30
what are the two folding patterns of secondary protein structure
1. alpha helix 2. beta pleated sheets
31
two alpha helices wrap around each other, made by interacting hydrophobic regions on proteins
coiled-coil
32
in beta pleated sheets where do the arrows point to start and end
start: N end: C
33
protein secondary structure is characterized by what bond
H bonds
34
what are the two types of tertiary structured proteins
FG: fibrous and globular proteins
35
what tertiary protein is usually structural materials outside of cells ex. Keratin, collagen
fibrous proteins
36
what kind of protein is a prion protein
a plasma membrane protein
37
normal prions are folded with what
alpha helices
38
prion disease leads to neuronal death which does what to the brain?
makes the brain spongey which is fatal!
39
group of proteins that share origin (related function or similar sequence/structure)
Protein families
40
what must fit precisely into a binding site of a protein
a ligand
41
positive regulation of an allosteric enzyme by
an activator molecule
42
end product of metabolic pathway inhibits earlier enzymes that help make it.
feedback inhibition
43
enzymes that adds the phosphate
kinase
44
enzymes that removes the phosphate
phosphatase
45
reactions that occur in response to stimulus
signalling cascades
46
addition of methyl group, typically represses gene expression
methylation
47
addition of acetyl group, typically enhances gene expression
acetylation
48
small molecule bound to enzyme and participates in catalysis reaction
coenzyme
49
oxygen carrying protein that requires iron atom to function
heme
50
bind multiple proteins to improve the probability of their interaction and confine proteins to certain regions/compartments of the cell
scaffolds
51
separation of cell components by size and density mediated by high speed centrifugation.
cell fractionation
52
donor and acceptor fluorescent molecules allow us to visualise protein interactions
FRET
53
allows us to study protein movement
FRAP
54
forces that are several times that of gravity are applied on solutions to increase the rate and which different components settle in the tube based on size.
centrifugation
55
chromatography where separation is based on size
gel filtration chromatography
56
chromatography where separation is based on charge
ion exchange chromatography
57
chromatography where separation is based on ability to bind a protein
affinity chromatography
58
addition of sugars (carbohydrates) onto proteins
glycosylation
59
Two types of proteins are involved in targeting vesicles to specific compartments
Rab and SNAREs proteins
60
on which terminal of ER proteins is the retrieval signal located
C terminal
61
process by which the contents of secretory vesicles are released into the extracellular environment
exocytosis
62
eukaryotic cells that lack surrounding membranes but concentrate biomolecules proteins and nucleic acids
biomolecular condensates
63
random movement of particles
brownian motion
64
cells harness what for movement?
brownian motion (random movement of particles)
65
archaea is structurally similar to __________but genome is closer to ___________
bactera, eukaryotes
66
what do eukaryotes have but prokaryotes dont
organelles and nucleus
67
eukaryotes consist of what four groups of organisms
animals, plants, fungi and protists
68
combination of 2 cells living in symbiotic relationship - one cells lives inside the other
endosymbiont theory
69
simplified controlled environment
culture
70
homogenous cells that have undergone modifications to grow continuously in culture, once placed in culture, these cells keep growing and replicating
cell line
71
culture obtained directly from the organism
primary culture
72
extent to which the detail of a specimen is retained in the image - dependent on the wavelength of light
resolution
73
produces higher resolution images by excluding out of focus light
confocal microscopy
74
can produce higher resolution images by overcoming diffraction limit
superresolution microscopy
75
a protein that exhibits green fluorescence when exposed to light
green fluorescent protein (GFP)
76
uses electrons as a light source, the image is formed when electrons pass through a specimen
electron microscopy
76
best used for viewing detailed structures within cells and tissues, specimens are stained with heavy metal solutions
TEM
77
best used for viewing extensions or processes that cells use to interact with the environment, specimens are dried, coated with C and metals and shot at with electrons
SEM
78
particular atom grouping that behave as a unit
functional groups
79
what reaction forms polymers by joining monomers
condensation, water is removed
80
what reaction breaks down polymers into monomers
hydrolysis, water is added
81
use an energetically favourable reaction to drive an energetically unfavourable reaction
reaction coupling
82
what type of bonds link fatty acids to glycerol
ester bonds
83
what are monosaccharides linked by
COC linkages
84
energy stored in easy to convert form
carrier molecules
85
an electrophoresis method that allows protein separation by mass.
SDS PAGE
86
enzymes that add sugars onto proteins are called
glycotransferases
87
addition of sugars (carbohydrates) onto proteins
glycosylation
88
glycosylated proteins/ sugary proteins are called what
glycoproteins
89
helps relieve the stress on the ER causes by defective proteins
UPR. unfolded protein response
90
an example of an ER protein folding disease is
cystic fibrosis

Psychology (45 decks)

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