b50

Question 1

a resource or environmental condition that limits the growth, distribution, or abundance of an organism or population within an ecosystem

Answer 1

limiting factor

Question 2

set of environmental conditions in which an organism can live and reproduce

Answer 2

niche

Question 3

what does n indicate in the Hutchonsonain niche/n-dimensional hypervolume

Answer 3

n indicates the number of different environmental conditions that determine where an organism can survive and reproduce

Question 4

what describes the phenomena of how an organisms performance is low near the extremes of a limiting factor and optimal optimal at some intermediate value

Answer 4

performance curve

Question 5

the set of environmental conditions where the species ACC occurs

Answer 5

realized niche

Question 6

the set of environmental conditions that a species COULD tolerate

Answer 6

fundamental niche

Question 7

convert the energy of sunlight or inorganic compounds into chemical energy stores in the carbon-carbon bonds of organic compounds

Answer 7

autotrophs

Question 8

obtain energy by consuming organic compounds from other organisms

Answer 8

heterotrophs

Question 9

what is the definition of ecology?

Answer 9

ecology is the study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms

Question 10

a group of interacting organisms AND their physical environment

Answer 10

ecosystem

Question 11

the number of individuals in a population; sometimes also called population size

Answer 11

population abundance

Question 12

the number of individuals in a population within a defined spatial area.

also it is synonymous with what?

defined by the term N

Answer 12

population density

population abundance

Question 13

what is the mark recapture formula?

Answer 13

M/N = R/C

Question 14

their traits and behaviors alter habitats in ways that affect the other species that share their ecosystem

Answer 14

ecosystem engineers (ex. beavers)

Question 15

a phenomenon in which individuals in a population reproduce less and have lower probabilities of survival within a given time period as population density increases. these reductions in reproduction and survival will slow the population growth through time

Answer 15

density dependence

Question 16

what competition leads to density dependence

Answer 16

intraspecific competition

Question 17

what are common limiting resources/limiting factor

Answer 17

food, shelter, water, light availability (for plants)

Question 18

a populations maximum per capita growth rate in a particular habitat

Answer 18

intrinsic rate of increase or rmax

Question 19

what determines what resources are available to organisms and, thus where they can live?

Answer 19

the physical environment

Question 20

is weather the same as climate?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

current state of the atmosphere at any given time

Answer 21

weather

Question 22

long-term description of weather, including average conditions and the full range of variation

Answer 22

climate

Question 23

directional change in climate over a period of at least three decades

Answer 23

climate change

Question 24

which latitudes get more sun rays

Answer 24

lower latitudes (towards the middle of the earth) because its a direct hit

vs at higher latitudes (near poles), the suns rays hit at an angle and therefore the sun rays are spread out more and less concentrated

Question 25

why does the sun/solar energy hit the earth at different degrees?

Answer 25

because the earth is round

Question 26

annually the earth gets the most solar energy where?

Answer 26

at the equator

Question 27

the earth tilts at what degrees

Answer 27

axial tilt of 23.4 degrees

Question 28

why do we have seasons

Answer 28

due to the earth's journey around the sun, variation in solar radiation across latitudes

Question 29

twice a year, the sun hits the equator at 90 degrees, this is called what and in what months

Answer 29

March and September, this is called the equinox

Question 30

how do we know that the equator gets the most solar radiation annually? what is the evidence

Answer 30

there is no cold season at the equator

Question 31

which weighs more, a volume of hot air or a volume of cold air?

Answer 31

cold air because heat rises, aka hot air balloons rise

Question 32

how does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

Answer 32

pressure decreases as altitude increases .... bag of chips in an airplane expands WHY? because the pressure around decreases so the pressure outside the bag is less than the sealed pressure inside the bag - higher pressure inside the chip bag than on the outside

Question 33

does compression and expansion change air temperature?

Answer 33

compression heats air up expansion cools air down

Question 34

which hold more water, warm air or cold air?

Answer 34

warm air holds more water HOW DO WE KNOW? - water vapor is visible in breath on cold days

Question 35

desserts are defined by what

Answer 35

being dry NOT HOT, its defined by amount of precipitation

Question 36

coriolis effect describes what?

Answer 36

circulating air is deflected toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere - clockwise movement in the Nothern Hemisphere -counterclockwise movement in Southern Hemisphere

Question 37

coriolis effects what

Answer 37

wind patterns and oceanic circulation, resulting effects on temperature and precipiation

Question 38

the shape and features of the Earth's surface in a particular area

Answer 38

topography... it influences the local climate, for example, via rain shadows

Question 39

how much energy needs to be added to a substance to raise its temperature

Answer 39

heat capacity

Question 40

continental effects leads to what

Answer 40

hotter summers and colder winters INLAND than along a coast

Question 41

why do the interiors of continents experience large seasonal temperature swings instead of coastal areas?

Answer 41

because the ocean buffers temperature changes, creating cooler summers and warmer winters for coastal areas - water has a higher heat capacity than soil (about 5 times higher)

Question 42

how do plants cool the environment

Answer 42

via transpiration (when plant tissue heats up, they release excess

Question 43

what is the difference of ecology

Answer 43

interactions of organisms with themselves, other species and their physical environment

Question 44

another name for positive density dependence is

Answer 44

the allele effect

Question 45

population growth slows as the population increases due to factors like competition for resources

Answer 45

negative density dependence

Question 46

population growth is positively correlated with population density at low population levels, meaning that growth rates increase as the population becomes larger

Answer 46

allele effect, positive density dependence

Question 47

large geographic areas affected by similar climatic and physical factors, leading to distinctive formations of animals and plants

Answer 47

biomes

Question 48

each biome is characterized by

Answer 48

a typical climate

Question 49

what can be used to visualize how temperature and precipitations interact to determine plant growth, and how these factors vary across biomes

Answer 49

climate diagrams

Question 50

what biome is hot but more wet than hot (in terms of climate diagram), there is lots of precipitation

Answer 50

tropical rainforest

Question 51

which biome: - hot - not so much precipitation - precipitation is seasonal

Answer 51

tropical dry forest

Question 52

terrestrial biomes are defined by what (2)

Answer 52

temperature and precipitation

Question 53

aquatic biomes are defined by (5)

Answer 53

light and nutrient availability, physical movement of water, temperature, salinity, and surface (like sandy, rocky etc)

Question 54

on mountains temperature and precipitation change with _______

Answer 54

elevation, ice and snow on top then tundra, boreal forest, temperate forest, tropical rainforest at bottom

Question 55

marine zones are characterized based on: 4

Answer 55

1. light penetration 2. proximity to the shore line 3. physical location (benthic =on the bottom surface, pelagic = in the water column) 4. depth of pelagic zones

Question 56

where rivers meet oceans

Answer 56

estuaries - have fluctuating salinity, pH - rich environment

Question 57

describe the sandy bottom zones

Answer 57

- not much plants because plants can't attach to the sand - less rich environment

Question 58

freshwater systems can be characterized as what (3)

Answer 58

lotic, lentic, aquifer

Question 59

flowing rivers and streams

Answer 59

lotic

Question 60

stationary ponds and lakes

Answer 60

lentic

Question 61

subsurface water (subsurface meaning beneath the earth)

Answer 61

aquifer

Question 62

what is the greenhouse effect

Answer 62

warming of Earth by atmospheric absorption and re-radiation of infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface - this effect is due to GREENHOUSE GASES in the atmosphere - water vapor - carbon dioxide - methane - nitrous oxide

Question 63

what is climate

Answer 63

an expected pattern in the physical factors that make up the world (ex. precipitation, wind, etc)

Question 64

what is weather

Answer 64

the day to day variation in physical factors that make up the world

Question 65

the longest and shortest days of the year are

Answer 65

the solstices, June 21 and December 21

Question 66

we receive lots of sunlight during

Answer 66

the summer solstice

Question 67

we receive very little sunlight during

Answer 67

the winter solstice

Question 68

at each ________ the tilt of the Earth points directly toward the sun

Answer 68

solstice

Question 69

refers to the evolutionary compromises organisms make when allocating limited resources to different aspects of their survival and reproduction

Answer 69

life-history trade off

Question 70

what is optimization

Answer 70

the maximization of benefits to costs

Question 71

overall goal of optimization is

Answer 71

increased fitness

Question 72

why doesn't negative density dependence contribute to the extinction vortex

Answer 72

because negative density dependence is the phenomena in which the population growth rate decreases as population size (N) or DENSITY increases, in the extinciton vortex, the population density is decreases! also extinction vortex drives small populations to extinction negative density dependece discusses large pops