b50 lec 10,11,12

Question 1

the series of changes in the species composition of a community through time at a particular location that occur in a fairly predictable way as a result of abiotic and biotic influences, as the location goes from bare rock or lifeless water to being filled with interacting species

Answer 1

ecological succession

Question 2

refers to succession that begins in/on substrates that contain NO organisms and NO organic material, tends to be slow, as the first colonists must arrive from elsewhere, and it is only through the actions of these species that the environment becomes suitable for the establishment of species in later seres

Answer 2

primary succession

Question 3

what determines whether primary, secondary or little succession change occurs

Answer 3

frequency and intensity of disturbances

Question 4

occurs following a disturbance where some, but not all organisms have been destroyed

Answer 4

secondary succession

Question 5

what does r stand for

Answer 5

intrinsic growth rate

Question 6

what does K stand for

Answer 6

carrying capacity

Question 7

early successional species tend to be

Answer 7

r-selected

Question 8

late successional species tend to be

Answer 8

K-selected

Question 9

r species characteristics are

Answer 9

small, high reproductive rate, low survival rate, short generation time, rapid development, early maturity, high dispersal ability

Question 10

K species characteristics are

Answer 10

large, low reproductive rate, high survival rate, long generation time, slow development, late maturity, low dispersal ability

Question 11

what takes longer primary succession or secondary succesion?

Answer 11

primary succession

Question 12

early species modify the environment in ways that benefit later species.

Answer 12

facilitation model

• the sequence of species faciliations leads to a climax community

Question 13

early species modify the environment in ways that neither benefit nor inhibit later species

Answer 13

tolerance model

Question 14

early species modify the environment in negative ways that hinder later successional species

Answer 14

inhibition model

• succession requires disturbance for succession to continue

Question 15

guiding principles outlining how the timing the species arrival or the initial suite of colonizing species can determine the species composition of the community

Answer 15

assembly rules

Question 16

provides many large scale “experiments” on community succession and applies successional principles for management. It aims to manage highly degraded or newly established sites by providing conditions that make sites physiolocially tolerable for a diverse array of species to accelerate succession towards a desired endpoint community.

Answer 16

restoration ecology

Question 17

an integral part of all ecological systems. depending on the type, frequency and intensity, _________ may reset successional processes, or enable them

Answer 17

disurbance

Question 18

suggests that diversity will be greatest at intermediate levels of disturbance

Answer 18

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Question 19

we refer to a system as ________ is there are two different stable equilibria to which the system can be attracted

Answer 19

bistable

Question 20

the destructive use of animals, plants, and their products for various consumptive (food, medicine) and non consumptive (ex. trophy hunting) processes

Answer 20

exploitation or harvesting

Question 21

harvesting wild organisms at rates that are faster than the rates at which they can recover

Answer 21

overexploitation or overharvesting

Question 22

why has fish size become substantially smaller over time?

Answer 22

because when we fish, we want the big fish, so the bigger fish are gone first

fish have evolved to be smaller so they are less wanted

Question 23

what three things does “land use change” involve

Answer 23

habitat degradation

habitat fragmentation

habitat loss

Question 24

any time we convert land from one use to another

Answer 24

land use change

Question 25

changes that reduce the quality of a habitat

Answer 25

habitat degradation

Question 26

occurs when a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species

Answer 26

habitat loss

Question 27

occurs when continuous habitat is broken up into smaller pieces

Answer 27

habitat fragmentation

Question 28

changes that occur/begin at the boundary of two habitats, such as road mortalities, disease spillovers etc

Answer 28

edge effects

Question 29

what can habitat fragmentation lead to?

Answer 29

edge effects (changes that occur/begin at the boundary of two habitats, such as road mortalities, disease spillovers etc) also can lead to increased contact between humans and wildlife (an edge effect) also can facilitate the invasion and establishment of non-native species

Question 30

the movement of an individual to a new location, typically without returning

Answer 30

dispersal

Question 31

a species that is 1: present in a location where they didn't evolve and 2: was moved there via human action

Answer 31

non-native species - cause little to no harm or many have been beneficial to human societies

Question 32

a species that is 1: present in a location where it did not evolve, 2: was moved there via human action, and 3: has spread in its new location, producing negative impacts on the environment, human health, or economic systems

Answer 32

invasive species

Question 33

are physiological effects usually biggest on ectotherms or endotherms

Answer 33

usally direct on ectotherms and indirect on endotherms

Question 34

the timing of periodic biological phenomena that are correlated with cyclic or seasonal events

Answer 34

phenology

Question 35

if the timing of events shifting in different manners for interacting species

Answer 35

phenological mismatches

Question 36

suggests that higher biodiversity leads to reduced disease so lower biodiversity levels leads to increased disease

Answer 36

dilution effect

Question 37

a mission-oriented science that focuses on how to protect and restore biodiversity

Answer 37

conservation biology

Question 38

deals with understanding how anthropogenic change has affected/will be affecting ecosystems

Answer 38

global change ecology

Question 39

the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and our environment

Answer 39

one health

Question 40

describe how the number of species that were identified increases with the number of individuals sampled

Answer 40

species accumulation curves - species accumulaiton curves are initially steep but then level off once most species have been identified (the more you sample, the less likely it is that you see something new) - leveling off of the species accumulation curve can indicate adequate representation of the community in the samples

Question 41

how do we know when our sampling efforts have captured a community's species richness and composition adequatley

Answer 41

when the species accumulation curve levels off

Question 42

collecting data at multiple spatial scales at randomly chosen locations allows understanding how community composition might vary across different areas

Answer 42

Hierarchial sampling designs

Question 43

suggest that the number of species that are found will increase with the area sampled

Answer 43

species area relationship - steeply first, and then more slowly as the probability increases that sampled species have already been observed in previous areas (similar to species accumulation curves)

Question 44

the number of species in a community

Answer 44

species richness

Question 45

describes how evenly individuals are spread among species by considering the relative abundances of each species compared to one another

Answer 45

species evenness

Question 46

plot the proportional abundance of each species (pi) relative to the others in rank order, can be used to understand whether differences in diversity are due to differences in species richness, eveness, or both

Answer 46

Rank abundance curves

Question 47

graphically depict the evolutionary relationships among a set of species. the length of branches typically represent the time since evolutionary divergence from the previous note.

Answer 47

phylogenetic trees

Question 48

can be measured by adding up all branch lengths within a phylogeny to create a single number that can be compared across locations and through time

Answer 48

phylogenetic diversity (PD)

Question 49

characteristics of species that describe their ecological roles in a community, including how that species interacts with other species and with the envionrment

Answer 49

functional traits

Question 50

graphically depict the relationships among a set of species in terms of their functional traits

Answer 50

functional diversity dendrograms

Question 51

the number of traits present in a community

Answer 51

functional richness

Question 52

the proportion of individuals in each functional group

Answer 52

functional evenness

Question 53

species richness across different habitats can be described using:

Answer 53

alpha, beta, and gamma diversity

Question 54

species richness across a region made up of smaller localities the average number of species gamma diversity is a product of alpha and beta diversity

Answer 54

gamma diversity

Question 55

the average number of species found within small, local-scale habitats in a region

Answer 55

alpha diversity

Question 56

a measure of heterogeneity of community composition among localities

Answer 56

beta diversity b = y/a

Question 57

the total number of species on Earth (global species richness) the evolutionary diversity represented by these species the diverse communities and ecosystems that these species build

Answer 57

biodiversity

Question 58

the number of species in a community

Answer 58

species richness

Question 59

describes how evenly individuals are spread among species by considering the relative abundances of each species compared to one another

Answer 59

species evenness

Question 60

a commonly used summary metric for species diversity, it incorporates both species richness and species evenness

Answer 60

Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index

Question 61

a distinct location on the planet where species richness is relatively high

Answer 61

biodiversity hotspot

Question 62

an increase in the taxonomic similarity of sites through time

Answer 62

biotic homogenization

Question 63

a part of the phylogeny that depicts different taxa

Answer 63

branch

Question 64

a group of species that share a single common ancestor node on a phylogeny

Answer 64

clade

Question 65

two or more species "hidden" under a single species name

Answer 65

cryptic species

Question 66

of a location: poor, or low, in biological diversity

Answer 66

depauperate

Question 67

a species found only in a restricted set of locations or habitat types and nowhere else

Answer 67

endemic species

Question 68

a measure of the diversity of species' characteristics or functional roles of species within a community; the sum of the branch lengths of a functional diversity dendrogram

Answer 68

functional diversity (FD)

Question 69

a two dimensional visualization of the relationships among species in terms of their functional traits; uses root, nodes, and branch lengths in a fashion analogous to a phylogeneic tree

Answer 69

functional diversity dendrogram

Question 70

a measure of functional diversity that represents the proportion of individuals within each functional group across a functional dendrogram

Answer 70

functional evenness

Question 71

the number of different functional traits present in a community

Answer 71

functional richness

Question 72

a formal way of saying that often many names are used to refer to the same species

Answer 72

synonymy

Question 73

the closest evolutionary relative of a species depicted in a phylogeny

Answer 73

sister species

Question 74

a quantitative combination of both species evenness and richness that produces a single diversity measure

Answer 74

Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H)

Question 75

a point of branching within a phylogeny

Answer 75

node

Question 76

not geared for longlife or parental care, fast reproducing species

Answer 76

r-selected

Question 77

if we kill a bunch of whales, it will take a LONG time for them to come/reach carrying capacity again, this makes them_____ seleteced

Answer 77

K selected

Question 78

what takes longer primary succession or secondary succession

Answer 78

primary succession (start from nothin)

Question 79

the final, stable stage of ecological succession in an ecosystem, where the composition of species remains relatively unchanged over time unless disrupted by significant environmental changes or disturbances.

Answer 79

climax community

Question 80

low levels of disturbances is better for what kinds of species

Answer 80

K-selected species

Question 81

high levels of disturbances is better for what kinds of species

Answer 81

r-selected species

Question 82

occurs when a larger perturbation is needed to shift the system from one stable equilibrium into another than the other way round

Answer 82

hysteresis

Question 83

the destructive use of animals, plants, and their products for various consumptive (ex. food, medicine) and non-consumptive (ex. trophy hunting) purposes

Answer 83

exploitation or harvesting

Question 84

harvesting wild organisms at rates that are faster than the rates at which they can recover

Answer 84

overexploitation or overharvesting

Question 85

refers to situations where individuals or populations that are initially well-adapted to a particular environment experience reduced fitness or survival due to changes in that environment or other factors.

Answer 85

decline of the fittest ex. fish sizes getting smaller ex. elephant trunks getting smaller

Question 86

a species that is: 1. present in a location where it did not evolve 2. was moved there via human action many cause little to no harm and many have been beneficial to human societies

Answer 86

non-native species

Question 87

a species that is: 1. present in a location where it did not evolve 2. was moved there via human action 3. has spread in its new location, producing negative impacts on the environment, human heath, or economic systems

Answer 87

invasive species

Question 88

refers to the process by which ecosystems across different regions become increasingly similar in terms of species composition, structure, and function. This often results in a loss of biodiversity, uniqueness, and ecological distinctiveness in different areas.

Answer 88

homogenization of ecosystems

Question 89

ecological concepts describing how species' geographic distributions change over time often in response to envionrmental, biological, or anthropogenic factors

Answer 89

range shifts, range contractions, range expansions

Question 90

the movement of a species' geographic range in response to environmental changes, such as climate change, habitat alterantion or other things

Answer 90

range shifts species relocate to areas with more favorable conditions for survival and reproduction often involves movement toward higher latitudes, elevations, or deeper ocean depths due to warming temperatures ex. polar bears moving further north as Arctic ice melts (latitudinal shift)

Question 91

R0 > = 1

Answer 91

species can establish

Question 92

R0 <1

Answer 92

species goes extinct

Question 93

higher biodiversity leads to reduced disease

Answer 93

dilution effect