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Question 1

what is immunology

Answer 1

the ways in which our bodies fight off invading organisms and infection

Question 2

cells, tissues and molecules involved in defending us

Answer 2

immune system

Question 3

resistant to infection

Answer 3

immune (having immunity)

Question 4

disease causing agents

Answer 4

pathogens

Question 5

SARS-CoV-2 variants have changes in their __________ to better infect us and avoid our immune system

Answer 5

spike proteins

Question 6

early method of inducing immunity to smallpox by deliberately exposing a person to material taken from smallpox sores of an infected individuals

Answer 6

variolation

Question 7

the process of introducing a substance, such as a vaccine or pathogen, into the body to stimulate an immune response

Answer 7

inoculation

Question 8

who provided first human vaccine in 1885 for Rabies

Answer 8

Louis Pasteur

Question 9

fragment of pathogen

Answer 9

antigen

Question 10

vaccines expose us to ______ or _______

Answer 10

non-lethal doses of pathogen

or

antigen (fragment of pathogen)

Question 11

network of vessels with lymph (fluid derived from blood plasma)

Answer 11

lymphatic system

Question 12

largest lymph vessel, drains into the bloodstream

Answer 12

thoracic duct

Question 13

kill bacteria but also maintain good bacteria (commensal microbes) and prevent viral infection

Answer 13

defensins (alpha and beta)

Question 14

all cells have what MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules

Answer 14

MHC 1

Question 15

peptides are presented on what

Answer 15

MHC molecules (major histocompatibility complex molecules)

Question 16

Professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) present what MHC molecule

Answer 16

BOTH actually

Question 17

immune cells enter from the blood into lymph nodes via

Answer 17

HEV: high endothelial venule

Question 18

embryonic stem cells are called

Answer 18

pluripotent which give rise to all cell types in the body

Question 19

adult stem cells are called

Answer 19

multipotent which give rise to tissue-specific cell types

Question 20

stem cells are found where

Answer 20

in the bone marrow

Question 21

all our immune cells originate from a stem cell called…

Answer 21

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) or blood stem cell

Question 22

what is hematopoiesis

Answer 22

maturation of HSC into immune cells

Question 23

what are the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 23

bone marrow and thymus

Question 24

specialized cells maintain the niche for immune cell development

Answer 24

stromal cells

Question 25

HSCs (Hematopoietic stem cells) give rise to what

Answer 25

red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes)

Question 26

leukocytes arise from what two progenitor cells

Answer 26

myeloid progenitor = myeloid cells lymphoid progenitor = lymphocytes

Question 27

myeloid progenitors/cells give rise to what part of the immune system

Answer 27

innate immune system

Question 28

lymphoid progenitors give rise of what part of the immune system

Answer 28

adaptive immune system

Question 29

myeloid progenitors give rise to what three things?

Answer 29

1. leukocytes (white blood cells) in the innate immune system 2. red blood cells/erythrocytes 3. megakaryoctes and platelets for clotting

Question 30

what are the 4 myeloid leukocytes/myeloid cells?

Answer 30

1. monocytes: give rise to macrophages (and dendritic cells) 2. granulocytes: give rise to eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils (and mast cells) 3. mast cells 4. dendritic cells

Question 31

what kind of cells come from granulocytes (4)

Answer 31

1. neutrophils 2. Eosinophil 3. basophil 4. mast cell myeloid --> granulocytes --> neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and mast cell granules are different for each cell type contain proteins to harm pathogens, recruit immune cells or remodel tissue

Question 32

temporary increase in neutrophil development

Answer 32

leukocytosis

Question 33

what is the most abundant innate immune cell/leukocyte

Answer 33

neutrophils (50-70%) - very short lived -very mobile - increase very fast in number when there is an infection (leukocytosis) - it is a phagocyte, but not very good, it eats pathogen and then dies

Question 34

when neutrophils die/undergo apoptosis what do they do

Answer 34

create nets when they die, they explode contents in the extracellular area also called NETosis = NETosis is a specialized form of programmed cell death in neutrophils that results in the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—web-like structures composed of decondensed chromatin, histones, and antimicrobial proteins. These NETs trap and kill pathogens like bacteria, fungi, and viruses, helping to contain infections. there is NETosis (slow cell death) and then Non-lytic NETOsis (rapid release from live cells) dont die here just spit

Question 35

a type of myeloid cell and granulocyte that contributes to allergies and asthma

Answer 35

eosinophils, mast cells and basophils (both basophils and mast cells are non phagocytic)

Question 36

who are the expert phagocytes (they don't die after eating one thing

Answer 36

macrophages

Question 37

macrophages are also known as

Answer 37

professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs)

Question 38

why does pus form at sites of infection?

Answer 38

neutrophils are present in large numbers at the infection site

Question 39

what comprise the adaptive immune system

Answer 39

1. T cells: differentiate into helper or cyototoxic (killer) T cells 2. B cells: differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies also dendritic cells

Question 40

every B cell has a unique B cell receptor (BCR) thats why we have really specific binding etc (respond to a multitude of pathogens)

Answer 40

yeah!

Question 41

B cells are also pAPRcs like

Answer 41

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 42

what is the sole function of B cells

Answer 42

to make antibodies

Question 43

what is the ligand (molecule that binds to a receptor) for T cell

Answer 43

major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC) molecule

Question 44

genes that encode MHC molecules are clustered in a chromosomal region called the

Answer 44

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 45

A membrane-bound glycoprotein comprising four immunoglobulin-like domains and closely resembling the single antigen-binding arm of an IgG molecule

Answer 45

T-cell receptor

Question 46

we know that a TCR (T cell receptor) is composed of two different polypeptide chains of similar size but how many antigen-binding cites does it have?

Answer 46

only one antigen binding site

Question 47

lymphoid progenitors give rise to what

Answer 47

1. lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system: T cells and B cells 2. innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

Question 48

what are the two cell types B cells can become once they have been activated/interacted with some pathogen

Answer 48

plasma cells: secrete antibodies memory B cells: the cells that remember how to deal with an infection

Question 49

B cells differentiate into what

Answer 49

plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Question 50

what molecule is a helper T cell distinguished by

Answer 50

CD4

Question 51

how can we identify immune cells

Answer 51

through CD molecules (ex. CD4 and CD8 on helper and cytotoxic cells)

Question 52

cell to cell interactions are called what (mix of receptors including CD molecules, integrins (adhesion molecules), MHC molecules and antigen receptors)

Answer 52

immunological synpase ex. a dendritic cell and a T cell interacting