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c39 lec 11 Flashcards

1
Q

genes in the body that play an important role in recognition of self vs non self

A

HLA genes- part of MHC

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2
Q

certain _____ genes predispose individuals to developing autoimmune disorders

A

HLA

why? Some HLA variants are strongly associated with specific autoimmune diseases, because they are more likely to present self-antigens in a way that triggers an immune attack.

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3
Q

what is the first step in developing an autoimmune disorder?

A

loss of T cell tolerance

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4
Q

majority of autoimmune diseases are more common in

A

women (14 out of 19)

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5
Q

why are autoimmune disorders more prevalent in women

A

due to estrogen, estrogen promotes pro-inflammatory responses and promotes a stronger immune system (more estrogen in women)

stronger immune system but also predisposes women to autoimmune disorders

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6
Q

autoimmune disorders can be (2 things)

A
  1. organ specific
  2. systemic
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7
Q

autoimmune disorder whose target antigen is unique to an organ

A

organ specific

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8
Q

autoimmune disorder whose target antigen is more widespread

A

systemic

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9
Q

progressive involvement of more epitopes (and more auto-reactive immune cells) that can cause disease

A

epitope spreading

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10
Q

describes two individuals with the same or near-identical HLA types and so will not mount strong immune rejection reactions against each other’s tissues.

A

histocompatible

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11
Q

hyperactive thyroid gland due to agonist auto-antibodies

A

Grave’s disease
- type II autoimmune disease

AGONIST auto antibodies

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12
Q

what are the three types of autoimmune diseases

A

type 2: cell bound molecules (antibody mediated)

type 3: immune complexes (antibody mediated)

type 4: T cell mediated

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13
Q

pregnant mothers can pass on autoantibodies to fetus

A

transient autoimmune disorders

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14
Q

antibodies produced by your immune system that mistakenly target and react with your own body’s cells, tissues, or proteins

A

autoantibodies

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15
Q

removal and replacement of blood plasma

A

plasmapheresis

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16
Q

example of an antagonist autoantibody

A

myasthenia gravis

  • they create autoantibodies that block the acetylcholine receptors
  • impaired muscle contraction

antagonistic antibodies make muscle less sensitive to neuronal stimulation

can severely affect breathing

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17
Q

any antigens, peptides, carbohydrates, DNA that are bound to antibodies and then can get accumulated in our tissues

A

immune complexes

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18
Q

SLE is a type ____ autoimmune disorder

A

SLE

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19
Q

antibodies recognizing DNA in _____ results in the deposition of immune complexes

A

SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)

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20
Q

what type of autoimmune disease category does rheumatic diseases fall under

A

type III

Rheumatic diseases:
- immune complex deposition happens mostly in the joins (inflammation of synovium)

  • chronic and episodic inflammation of joints
  • association with autoreactive T cells
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21
Q

inflammation in heart, joints, and kidney after infection leads to transient autoimmunity due to viral molecular mimicry

A

rheumatic fever

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22
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is what type of autoimmune disorder?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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23
Q

can be initiated by conversion of arginine to citralline = less stable protein

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

initiated by just one change!

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24
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS) is a type what autoimmune disorder

A

type IV (4)

25
targets the central nervous system (CNS) leading to severe neurological symptoms
multiple sclerosis (MS)
26
type I diabetes is what type of autoimmune disorder
Type IV
27
when CD8 T cells kill our insulin producing cells (B cells), then we cannot make insulin
Type I diabetes, type IV autoimmune disorder
28
10% of transplants are from
transplant tourism its when people looking for a match for organ donation go to other countries in search for it
29
deprivation of blood to organs and tissue damage due to inflammation
ischemia
30
why does the transplant of cornea have one of the highest success rate
because eyes are immunologically privileged sites = no HLA matching required because there is no rejection response generated
31
refers to certain areas of the body where immune responses are limited or actively suppressed. This means the immune system doesn't react as strongly—or sometimes at all—in these areas, even if there's a foreign substance or potential threat.
immunological privileged sites
32
how do improve transplant outcomes
match as many MHC/HLA proteins between organ recipient vs organ donor
33
what is the most commonly transplanted thing
blood! Blood transfusions blood can be donated regularly with no health effects - simple and inexpensive - only required temporarily - no HLA molecules(proteins) that cause incompatibility but do have HLA antigens (also called ABO antigens)
34
carbohydrates on red blood cells (erythrocytes)
HLA or ABO antigens
35
HLA antigens on red blood cells act as
alloantigens
36
antigens that differ between unrelated members of a species
alloantigens
37
antibodies against alloantigens
alloantibodies
38
universal blood donors
type O negative donors (don't have type A and type B antigens nor Rhesus D antigens)
39
ABO incompatibility mirrors what
type II hypersensitivity allergy responses
40
donor and recipient have similar tissue types
histocompatibility
41
who are the universal recipients who can receive blood from any individual but only donate to individuals with their blood type?
AB+
42
type of transplant where you transfer tissue from one sit to another in the same individual
autograft
43
type of transplant that is between genetically identical individuals (very rare)
syngenic or isogenic transplant
44
type of transplant between two genetically different individuals
allogenic transplant or allograft
45
types of transplant between two different species
xenograft
46
what is the type II hypersensitivity reaction of transplantation
hyperacute rejection
47
what is the type III hypersensitivity reaction of transplantation
chronic rejection
48
what is the type IV hypersensitivity reaction of transplantation
acute rejection
49
what is an example of a type II hyperacute rejection of tranplantation
rejection of a blood transfusion: immediately reacting to AB and Rhesus D antigens
50
hyperacute rejection happens
almost instantaneous (REALLY FAST)
51
assessment of patient serum for antibodies towards donor blood
cross-match test
52
for solid organ transplant we need to check for only what
if recipient antigens will attack donor antigens
53
for bone marrow transplant we need to check for what
if BOTH recipient antigens and donor antigens will attack each other
54
type of reaction that usually occurs a couple weeks after the transplant
type IV transplantation reaction, acute rejection - transplantation causes inflammatory environment that leads to immune cell activation and infiltration - typically prevented with immunosuppressive drugs (have to be on it for entire life)
55
donor DCs interact with recipient T cells leads to killing of donor DCs
direct pathway of allorecogntion
56
apoptosis of donor DCs leads to recipient DCs presenting alloantigens
indirect pathway of allorecognition
57
refers to immune system changes that occur after someone receives a blood transfusion
transfusion effect
58
type of transfusion rejection: rejection caused by immune complexes
type III reaction - causes failure of more than half of transplants within a 10 year period - caused by B cells making alloantibodies, alloantibodies deposit onto actual transplant treatment: get rid of B cells in the body Rituximab: anti-B cell antibodies

Psychology (45 decks)

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