chapter 6

Question 1

a neurotrasmitter that often creates an excitatory effect in the rbain

Answer 1

acetylcholine

Question 2

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams do not serve a purpose, but rather are the consequence of other processes that occur during sleep

Answer 2

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 3

occurs when attentional priorities are set by the top down goals of an individual

Answer 3

active attention

Question 4

a neurotransmitter that often creates an inhibitory effect in the brain

Answer 4

adenosine

Question 5

brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is relaxed

Answer 5

alpha waves

Question 6

the process of selecting information from the internal and external environements to prioritize for processing

Answer 6

attention

Question 7

occurs when attention is diverted because of the salience of a stimulus

Answer 7

attention capture

Question 8

refers to fast, effortless processing of information without conscious thought

Answer 8

automatically

Question 9

a group of drugs that cause sedation and induce sleep, historically prescribed for anxiety disorders

Answer 9

barbiturates

Question 10

a group of drugs primarily used for treating anxiety. These drugs are known for being fast acting and also highly addictive

Answer 10

benzodiazepines

Question 11

brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is alert and actively processing information. They also appear during REM sleep. (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP)

Answer 11

beta waves

Question 12

internal clocks that prepare the body for daily, seasonal, and annual rhythms.

Answer 12

biological clocks

Question 13

most commonly associated with narcolepsy, it is the experience of muscle weakness or muscular paralysis during the waking hours.

Answer 13

cataplexy

Question 14

daily body clocks that tell the body when to sleep and wake

Answer 14

circadian rhythms

Question 15

describes a situation associated with selective attention. At a party, a person can be engaged in a conversation and suppress/ignore all the information going on around them and attend to the conversation.

Answer 15

cocktail party effect

Question 16

a form of insomnia that occurs when cues that are usually associated with falling asleep, like your bed, instead cause feelings of anxiety surrounding the inability to fall asleep.

Answer 16

conditioned insomnia

Question 17

the subjective experiences of your internal and external world.

Answer 17

conscious content

Question 18

brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is deeply asleep. These waves occur during stages 3-4 (also known as slow wave sleep)

Answer 18

delta waves

Question 19

occurs when an individual requires a drug to maintain normal functioning. Should the individual refrain from taking the drug, they will experience symptoms associated with withdrawal.

Answer 19

dependence

Question 20

an attention task where one stream of information is presented to one ear, and a different message is played in the other ear. The participant is asked to attend to only one message. Later the participant is asked information about the unattended message.

Answer 20

dichotic listening

Question 21

occurs when a person engaged in two or more tasks at once

Answer 21

divided attention

Question 22

a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the rewarding effects of some drugs

Answer 22

dopamine

Question 23

the increased ability to tolerate a specific drug. This occurs after repeated ingestion of the substance. When this occurs, a larger dose of the drug is required to achieve the desired effects.

Answer 23

drug tolerance

Question 24

a device that measures the sum of electrical activation across the surface of the cortex

Answer 24

EEG- electroencephalogram

Question 25

a device used to measure muscle tension around the jaw

Answer 25

electromyogram

Question 26

a device used to measure eye movements

Answer 26

electrooculogram

Question 27

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams have biological significance

Answer 27

evolutionary hypothesis of dreams

Question 28

a rare genetic disorder affecting the thalamus, that causes individuals to die from lack of sleep

Answer 28

fatal familial insomnia

Question 29

a change attention task used to study intentional change detection and inattentional blindness

Answer 29

flicker task

Question 30

a neurotrasmitter that often created inhibitory effects in the nervous system

Answer 30

GABA

Question 31

a neurotrasmitter that often created excitatory effects in the nervous system

Answer 31

glutamate

Question 32

refers to the idea that the two hemispheres in your brain (right and left) have different function

Answer 32

hemispheric specilaization

Question 33

a symptom of several different conditions and generally refers to excessive need for sleep or sleepiness in the daytime hours

Answer 33

hypersomnia

Question 34

a graphic depiction of a person's progress though the stages of sleep over the course of a night

Answer 34

hypnogram

Question 35

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before waking

Answer 35

hypnopompic hallucinations

Question 36

also known as child onset insomnia. It is a nerurological conditions resulting in the inability to sleep

Answer 36

idiopathic insomnia

Question 37

refers to the tendency to miss changes to some kinds of information when your attention is engaged elsewhere

Answer 37

inattentional blindness

Question 38

the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

Answer 38

insomnia

Question 39

an attention task that required the participant to actively search for a change made to the stimulus

Answer 39

intentional change detection

Question 40

the phenomenon that occurs when you travel to a different time zone, and your body is out of sync with the time cues from the external world

Answer 40

jet lag

Question 41

a pattern of neural excitation followed by neural inhibition occurring during stage 2 sleep

Answer 41

K-complexes

Question 42

a rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by several symptoms, most notably a sudden and extreme need to sleep

Answer 42

narcolepsy

Question 43

generally considered a disorder of slow wave sleep (SWS). these experiences consit of frantic, panicked screaming but often little or no memory of what caused the episode once the individual is roused

Answer 43

night terrors

Question 44

occurs when attentional priorities are set by bottom up information from the environemnt

Answer 44

passive

Question 45

directly influence the sensory systems and our interpretation of reality

Answer 45

psychedelic drugs

Question 46

a state of sleep where narrative-based dreaming occurs. During this stage, EEG recordings become highly irregular, and the sleeping person's eyes will move from side to side rapidly.

Answer 46

REM (rapid eye movement)

Question 47

REM sleep atonia is the experience of temporary paralysis that occurs during REM sleep

Answer 47

REM sleep atonia

Question 48

a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the inability of the brain to effectively paralyze the body during sleep

Answer 48

REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 49

cues from the environment that set the biological clocks

Answer 49

zeitgebers

Question 50

symptoms of distress, restlessness, and irritability associated with reduction or discontinuation of an addictive substance or behavior

Answer 50

withdrawal

Question 51

brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is in the earliest stages of sleep

Answer 51

theta waves

Question 52

an experience where the senses seem to merge

Answer 52

synesthesia

Question 53

the structure in the brain, next to the optic chiasm, that sets the circadian clock

Answer 53

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 54

a sensory stimulus that is processed, but does not reach the threshold for conscious perception

Answer 54

subliminal stimulus

Question 55

visual images that are presented too quickly for the brain to perceive in conscious awarness

Answer 55

subvisual awarness

Question 56

refers to the idea that some stimuli in the environment capture attention by virtue of their physical properties

Answer 56

stimulus salience

Question 57

auditory messages that are played too quietly or in such a way that the brain cannot consciously be aware of the content

Answer 57

subaudible messages

Question 58

drug that increases the activity of the nervous system

Answer 58

stimulants

Question 59

refer to the different levels of arousal and attention an individual can experience

Answer 59

states of consciousness

Question 60

a type of surgery that cuts the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 60

split brain

Question 61

a medical condition where the patient stops breathing during the night/ Carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream, as a result the patient wakes up

Answer 61

sleep apnea

Question 62

a series of behavioral practices that promote the ability to fall and stay asleep

Answer 62

sleep hygiene

Question 63

brief bursts of activity that occur 2-5 times per minute during non-REM sleep

Answer 63

sleep spindles

Question 64

a broader name for sleep occuring in stage 3-4. During this stage recordings on EEG show delta waves

Answer 64

slow wave sleep (SWS)

Question 65

also known as sleepwalking, it is a disorder of slow wave sleep (SWS). During these episodes, people are not acting out dreams but rather are able to execute complicated behaviors, such as walking, cooking, and driving while unconscious.

Answer 65

somnambulism

Question 66

a neurotrasmitter that is often implicated in mood, but also the organization of sensory informatoin.

Answer 66

serotonin

Question 67

a form of attention that occurs when a person attends to some information while ignorning other information

Answer 67

selective attention