2 Flashcards by ryan paul

what is the apex predator and what does apex predator mean?

killer/ocra whale
apex predatory = top predatory, top of the food chain

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describe the August Krogh principle

for every question in biology there is an ideal system in which to study it

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what is the opening to the trachea in humans called

glottis

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what is the epiglottis

covers the glottis during swallowing of good so that food and liquids don’t go into the lungs

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what is required for specific dynamic action

protein!

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what is the difference between basal and standard metabolic rates

basal: resting metabolic rates for endotherms
standard: resting metabolic rates for ectotherms

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what is the body’s thermostat (part of the brain)

the hypothalamus

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what are the 4 types of heat exchange and explain

conduction: direct heat transfer between two physical bodies
radiation: indirect heat transfer between two bodies that are not in direct contact (ex. a radiator generates heat to its environment)
convention: flow of air or water over a physical body, ex. wind chill, cools the environment down
evaporation: liquid becomes gas, loss of heat through evaporation

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what is a poikilotherm

organism whose body temperature fluctuates with environmental temperature

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what is an ectotherm

organism whose body heat is derived from the environment

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what is regional heterothermy

an organism who is able to keep a region of their body warm while the rest of their body temperature is influenced by the external environmental temperature

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can terrestrial poikilotherms thermoregulate? how?

yes they can but only behaviourally, animal moves into the sun when cold, moves into the shade when hot, moves into the burrow at night

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what are bony fish called

teleosts

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what is an example of the perfect osmoreguator

SHRIMP

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what is an example of a osmotic conformer

MUSSEL

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what is chyme

digested substance and food

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does the stomach have a high pH or a low pH?

very low pH therefore salivary amylase does not work in the stomach no more

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mucus helps the stomach to what

not digest itself

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what causes GERD

when stomach contents go back up the esophagus

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what is heartburn called

GERD

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the gap in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

hiatus

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a portion of the stomach protrudes upward through the hiatus

hiatial hernia

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protrusion of an organ into a place it should not be

hernia

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what causes ulcers

Heliobacter pylori infection
H-PYLORI

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where does the feces wait until going to the rectum

sigmoid colon

where is bile stored

the GALLBLADDER

what is the function of bile

B for breaks up breaks up fats, digests fats

what stimulates calcium release from the bone

parathyroid hormone

what hormone stops calcium release from the bone

calcitonin

poison that inhibits the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase

oubain

what are the two main types of physiology

1. medical/clinal physiology 2. comparative animal physiology

investigates animal function from a non-human oriented perspective

comparative animal physiology

goal oriented, focuses on understanding physiological mechanisms related to disease and disease treatment

medical/clinal physiology

what are the three areas of comparative physiology and describe

1. mechanistic: how things work, what is behind physiological and biochemical processes most used! 2. environmental: how animals live in a challenging environment 3. evolutionary: understanding relationships between animals based on similarity of difference, obsolete, not really used anymore

what are the five general themes in physiology

1. structure function relationships 2. acclimatization 3. adaptation 4. feedback and feedforward control systems 5. Conformity and Regulation

describes how the structure/design/anatomy of an organ allows it to carry out FUNCTIONS

structure function relationships

change in physiological function that is caused by moderate to long-term exposure

acclimatization

changes that occur over generations due to long term exposure

adaptation

PRIMES a physiological response so that it is ready for when a particular stimulus arrives

feedfoward system

physiological response to either an internal or external stimuli

feedback system

internal physiological variable will fluctuate with changing environmental conditions

conformity

physiological or biological variables remain constant

regulation

what is the role of oligodendrites (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)

form myelin

Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin sheath) allows for very rapid conduction of nerve impulses by a process called _________-

saltatory conduction

transmission of the electrical signal form one neuron to another neuron

synaptic transmission

what is the value for membrane potential at rest

-80 to -60 millivolts (mV)

large and rapid, short increase in membrane potential

action potential ACTIONNNN

what is osmotic regulation

Regulation: cells have a constant environment (blood/ECF) but its cost energy.

what is osmotic conformity

Conformity: cells have a changing environment (blood/ECF) but saves energy

what gland releases melatonin, the sleep hormone

pineal gland

what does the hypothalamus do in the endocrine system

produces ADH and oxytocin, releasing and inhibiting hormones

where are ADH and oxytocin stored

posterior pituitary PP

what does the thyroid gland release

T3 and T4 and calcitonin

what does the parathyroid gland release

parathyroid hormone, increases calcium uptake

what does the adrenal medulla produce

catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

what does the pancreas produce

insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes

what does the adrenal cortex produce

steroids and aldosterone (regulates blood pressure)

acts on the same cell (or same cell type)

autocrine signaling

diffuses through ECF to target cell

paracrine signlaing

what are the three types of hormones

amine hormones, peptide hormones, steroid hormones

what does oxytocin do and where is it produced and stores

produced: hypothalamus stored: posterior pituitary function: uterine contractions and milk production

what is the function of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

stimulates the kindeys to reabsorb water and reduce urine

what raises blood glucose levels

glucagon

what lowers blood glucose levels

insulin

what are inslets of langerhans

alpha and beta cells that produce glucagon and insulin respectively are grouped together in clusters called inslets of langerhans

what is gangrene

cell necrosis/death caused by diabetes

what is atherosclerosis

narrowing of blood vessels

is actin thin or thick filaments

thin

is myosin thin or thick filaments

2 Flashcards

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