eco module 3 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what is ecology
A
ecology is the study how organisms interact with each other and their environment
2
Q
what is the goal of ecology
A
understand distribution and abundance of organisms
3
Q
what is ethology
A
the study of character
4
Q
what did Niko Tinbergen study
A
geese and egg retrieval behaviours and wasps have visual cues rather than spatial awareness
5
Q
what did Konrad Lorenz study
A
geese imprinting (the first organism or big object they see, they follow)
6
Q
what did Karl von Frisch study
A
language of bees (waggle dance)
7
Q
improvement in one trait or behavior comes at the expense of another
A
fitness trade off
8
Q
movements in a specific direction in response to a stimulus
A
taxis
9
Q
random, undirected movements toward favorable conditions
A
kinesis
10
Q
what are the two types of orientation
A
kinesis and taxis
11
Q
movement toward a magnetic field
A
magnetotaxis
12
Q
produced by a set of molecular mechanisms that cycles on its own and keeps a regular rhythm (can be daily, monthly, or yearly)
A
biological clocks
13
Q
daily (diurnal) cycles that are primarily governed by changes in light-dark cycles
A
circadian clocks
14
Q
what facilitates habitat selection
A
movement and migration
15
Q
long-distance movement of a population associated with change of seasons
A
migration
16
Q
what are the three proximate causes of navigation
A
piloting/map sense, compass orientation, true navigation
17
Q
what is map sense based on
A
landmarks
18
Q
animals have a sense of specific location on earth where they need to go
A
true navigation
19
Q
what is the ultimate cause of migration
A
food availability
20
Q
what period are birds exposed to songs
A
sensitive period
21
Q
what are the two types of inclusive fitness?
A
direct and indirect
22
Q
fitness derived from an individual’s own offspring
A
direct fitness
23
Q
fitness derived from helping relatives produce more offspring
A
indirect fitness
24
Q
all individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place and time
A
population
25
what are the three defining features of a population
size, range, density
26
a process by which non-signaling behavior patterns evolve to become communicative signals
ritualization
27
when did atmospheric levels of CO2 start to increase
during the industrial revolution
28
name of curve that records changing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over time
Keeling curve
29
when does CO2 concentration reach its annul high point
in the spring
30
when does CO2 concentration reach its annual low
in the fall
31
how is carbon dioxide added to the environment (3)
geological inputs (volcanoes and mid ocean ridges), biological inputs (respiration), human activities
32
how is carbon dioxide removed from the environment (2)
geological removal (chemical weathering, CO2 reacts with rocks) and biological removal (photosynthesis)
33
does respiration remain constant throughout the year
yes
34
what are the two CO2 sources
fossil fuels and industry and land use change
35
exploitation of preexisting sensory bias
sensory drive
36
signals are elaborated versions of ordinary behaviors.
Sender precursor
37
honest signals means signals that are_____
reliable
38
serves to warn or repel predators (ex. yellow and black snakes are poisonous)
aposematism
39
self-sacrificing
altruism
40
highest level of organization in sociality
eusociality
41
all individuals of all ages of a species that are alive at a particular time in a particular place
size
42
how wide a population is spread and is determines by climates and other species
range
43
what are the three distribution patterns
random, uniform, clumped
44
what is the equation for density
size/range
45
the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
demography
46
the ability to produce an abundance of offspring
fecundity
47
for net reproductive rates when is the population stable
when the sum = 1
48
for net reproductive rates when is the population increasing
when the sum is >1
49
for net reproductive rates when is the population decreasing
when the sum is <1
50
produce large number of offspring
r-strategists
51
produce relatively few young and provide care (us)
K-strategists
52
what is the edge effect
there is more survival in the middle of the habitat, the edge of the habitat has higher exposure to things like wind, etc.
53
all populations of different species that interact in a certain area
biological communities
54
physical habitat (where is occurs) and ecological role (what it does) of a species
niche
55
what are sessile/sedentary organisms
organisms that don't move
56
how can we count mobile organisms
mark and recapture
57
what is the equation for calculating population size (N) in mark and recapture
N (population size) = C (total captured on second day)/ R (recaptures). x M (marked individuals caught on the first day)
58
what makes the population increase
immigration and birth
59
what makes the population decrease
emigration and death
60
what is the formula for population growth
delta N = N2 - N1 = (B - D) + (I - E)
61
what is the per capita growth rate formula
r = (delta N t)/ N1
62
what kind of growth does constant per capita growth rate lead to
exponential growth
63
the per capita growth rate, r is also called
the intrinsic rate of increase, the maximum rate of growth when no environmental factors limit population increase
64
competition between members of the same species
intraspecific competition
65
competition between members of two different species
interspecific competition
66
The maximum number of individuals any habitat can support
carry capacity (K)
67
what is a social species
species that live together in groups and interact!
68
describes processes affecting population that are influences by the number of individual organisms. Such as the use of resources or susceptibility to predation or parasitism
density dependent factors
69
describes factors such as severe drought that influence population size without regard for the density of the population
density independent factors
70
summarizes probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its life
life table
71
the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age
survivorship
72
what are the three types of survivorship curves
type 1: late life mortality (like us humans)
type 2: steady survivorship, mortality is constant throughout life
type 3: early life mortality
73
Why can’t all populations have high fecundity and high survival?
fitness trade offs
74
how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction and behaviors or morphology related to survival
life history
75
changes in populations through time and space
population dynamics
76
large populations made up of small populations that are linked by movements between them
metapopulations
77
are small or large populations of species more likely to go locally extinct?
small are more vulnerable to extinction
78
the full range of climate conditions and food resources in which individuals may live
fundamental niche
79
the actual resources and habitats used by a species
realized niche
80
interactions in which animals have different goals, cost on one organism, benefit on one organism
antagonisitc
81
what are the antagonistic species interactions
competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism
82
interaction in which both species benefit
mutualism
83
interaction in which one benefits and the other is unaffected
commensalism
84
prevents two species from occupying the same niche at the same time
competitive exclusion
85
animals compete until they have different niches
niche differentiation/resource partionioning
86
Ongoing struggling between competing sets of co-evolving genes, phenotypic and behavioural traits that develop escalating adaptation and counter-adaptations against each other
evolutionary arms race
87
when one of both sides of a mutualism cannot survive or reproduce without the other (like aphids and bacteria
obligate mutualism
88
when one or both sides of a mutualism can survive without the other (like midges and cacao)
facultative mutualism
89
ecosystem engineers are a type of what species
keystone species
90
what are the three factors of disturbance?
type of disturbance, frequency, and severity
91
soil building that occurs after a disturbance has removed soil and organisms
primary succession
92
more rapid rebuilding of community because soil is still present
secondary succession
93
mature ecosystems, result of succession
climax community
94
species able to survive in barren spaces/environments
Pioneer species
95
A type of indirect interaction where one species creates a suitable habitat for another
facilitation
96
sequence of ecological interactions that occur when a species benefits a second specious that in turn has a positive effect on a third species and so on
facilitation cascade
97
count of how many species are present in a given community
species richness
98
calculated by adding all energy, food, materials, and services and estimating how much land needed to provide these resources
ecological footprint
99
what geological age are we in currently
Holocene
100
what are the important greenhouse gases?
CO2, water vapour, methane
101
species found in one place and nowhere else
Endemic species
