chapter 8 memory

Question 1

a description of how memories sometimes are simply unavailable because of a failure to encode them

Answer 1

absent mindedness

Question 2

a subfield of memory research focused on investigating how the brain is designed to learn and remember given evolutionary considerations

Answer 2

adaptive memory

Question 3

memory loss due to physical damage or problems in the brain

Answer 3

amnesia

Question 4

the inability to encode new information into long term memory

Answer 4

anterograde amnesia

Question 5

a description of how memories can change as a result of the influence of knowledge and beliefs

Answer 5

bias

Question 6

a description for how, in some cases, not enough distinctive cues are able to help us recover a specific memory

Answer 6

blocking

Question 7

how much information can be held in a memory system at any one time. Capacity is typically considered to be whatever you can rehearse in roughly 2 seconds, typically “seven plus or minus two” thing

Answer 7

capacity

Question 8

a hypothetical portion of the working memory model that directs the activities of working memory, including the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the flow of information between working and long term memory

Answer 8

central executive

Question 9

a process of arranging information into compact meaningful “chunks” so that they can be more easily rehearsed in immediate memory

Answer 9

chunking

Question 10

remembering previously-learning information with the aid of a clue or information that helps provide context

Answer 10

cues recall

Question 11

pieces of information that help us remember events from the past

Answer 11

cues

Question 12

the theory that memories fade away due to the passage of time alone

Answer 12

decay

Question 13

encoding new information through making meaningful connections to existing knowledge

Answer 13

deep processing

Question 14

a description of a feeling that one has already experienced a sequence of events

Answer 14

deja vu

Question 15

how long a memory system can contain information before it is forgotten. Duration is indefinite with rehearsal, but without rehearsal is only three seconds or so

Answer 15

duration

Question 16

the process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to other information already stored in long term memory

Answer 16

elaborative rehearsal

Question 17

the process of how information is initially learned

Answer 17

encoding

Question 18

the problem the brain must solve to transform an experience into a memory

Answer 18

encoding problem

Question 19

the idea that retrieval cues are only useful as long as they match the original context of how to be remembered information was originally learned

Answer 19

encoding specificity principle

Question 20

memories whose contents pertain to specific events (episodes)

Answer 20

episodic memories

Question 21

memory errors where wrong or unwanted information is brought to mind

Answer 21

errors of commission

Question 22

memory errors where information cannot be brought to mind

Answer 22

errors of omission

Question 23

remembering that occurs consciously and with intent

Answer 23

explicit memory

Question 24

the way that an inability to remember something is often described. However, it doesn’t adequately describe many kinds of memory errors

Answer 24

failure of search

Question 25

memories for the details surrounding events that are both surprising and particularly significant

Answer 25

flashbulb memories

Question 26

remembering previously learned information without any other context to aid in remembering

Answer 26

free recall

Question 27

an exceptionally rare medical condition that leads to near perfect autobiographical recall

Answer 27

hyperthymesia

Question 28

a system that actively holds on to a limited amount of information so that it can be manipulated and processed

Answer 28

immediate memory

Question 29

remembering that occurs without conscious realization or intent

Answer 29

implicit memory

Question 30

the mental experience of seeing something using imagination. evidence for visual representation in immediate memory

Answer 30

inner eye

Question 31

the mental experience of hearing yourself talk in your head. Evidence for verbal representation in immediate memory.

Answer 31

inner voice

Question 32

memory systems used to store and recall information over extended periods of time

Answer 32

long term memory

Question 33

is the term for repeated exposure to or study of to be remembered information over a very short period of time or without gaps between repetitions

Answer 33

massed practice

Question 34

refers to both the structures and processes involved in both the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 34

memory

Question 35

the number of items that can be kept active in immediate memory at one time

Answer 35

memory span

Question 36

a phenomenon in which misleading information alters a subsequent memory, typically an eyewitness account

Answer 36

misinformation effect

Question 37

techniques used to improve memory that provide a framework for encoding and recall

Answer 37

menmonics

Question 38

a description of how memories are sometimes retrieved when they are. not wanted

Answer 38

persistence

Question 39

a system within the working memory model that temporarily stores and manipulates auditory and verbal information

Answer 39

phonological loop

Question 40

the inability to retrieve newer information due to the influence of older, similar information

Answer 40

proactive interference

Question 41

memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as the motor skills involved in walking and riding a bicycle

Answer 41

procedural memories

Question 42

describes how we primarily use memory to cobble together a useful response using both what we know and the situation around us

Answer 42

reconstruction metaphor

Question 43

the process of repeating information to yourself, helping you re hear the information over again

Answer 43

rehearsal

Question 44

the kind of information a memory system contains. Often, this is describes in terms of how the information is represented or coded

Answer 44

representation

Question 45

the phenomenon that the repeated retrieval of information is more useful for long term memory than other tasks, such as the repeated reading of the same information

Answer 45

retrieval practive

Question 46

the problem the brain must solve to recover information from long term memory

Answer 46

retrieval probelm

Question 47

the inability to retrieve older information due to the influence of newer, similar information

Answer 47

retroactive interference

Question 48

the loss of memories prior to specific traumatic event such as a blow to the head or certain other conditions

Answer 48

retrograde amnesia

Question 49

a highly organized knowledge structure that contains many pieces of specific information

Answer 49

schema

Question 50

a way of describing the processes involved in memory using terms and phrases that related them to looking around in physical or virtual space

Answer 50

search metaphor

Question 51

memories whose contents related to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience

Answer 51

semantic memories

Question 52

a system that keeps information translated by the senses briefly active in a relative unaltered, unexamined form. Iconic and echoic memories are visual and auditory forms of ____________

Answer 52

sensory memory

Question 53

encoding information based only on its surface characteristics

Answer 53

shallow processing

Question 54

the observation that learning is most robust when repeated exposure to or study of to be remembered material occurs over a long timeframe

Answer 54

spacing effect

Question 55

the process of maintaining information about an event over time (whether shot or long)

Answer 55

storage

Question 56

the problem the brain must solve to maintain information in the brain over time, whether short or long

Answer 56

storage problem

Question 57

a description for how memories can sometimes be altered by the context in which they are remembered to better fit the current context

Answer 57

suggestibility

Question 58

A state when someone cannot remember a piece of information but have a powerful feeling that they know exactly what they are trying to remember

Answer 58

tip of the tongue state (TOT state)

Question 59

the observation that engaging in similar processes at both encoding and retrieval tends to enhance recall on a final test

Answer 59

transfer appropriate processing

Question 60

a description for how sometimes we are unable to retrieve information because it has been forgotten due to the interference of information we have processed in the meantime

Answer 60

transience

Question 61

a system within the working memory model where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated

Answer 61

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 62

a model of immediate memory that emphasizes its role as a system for manipulating information in consciousness

Answer 62

working memory model