Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > c39 lec 8 and 9 > Flashcards

c39 lec 8 and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is our first line of defense in our bodies (physical barrier to prevent infection)

A

skin

external barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

our epithelial cells are coated in _____ to protect epithelium and prevent infection

A

mucus

thats why they are called mucosal surfaces/mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

most infections actually occur through _______ surfaces rather than our skin

A

mucosal surfaces

why?

mucosal surfaces has a much larger surface area = more immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

comprises all specialized lymphoid tissues for mucosal surfaces

A

MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues

  • GALT and other fall under MALT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the gastrointestinal tract is lined with

A

mucus and commensal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does commensal bacteria do in our gastrointestinal tract?

A

helps us degrade and digest food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tonsils and adenoids (secondary lymphoid tissues) surround the entry point to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

A

waldeyer’s ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

GALT stands for

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

projections in the gut that aid in nutrient absorption

A

villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the five benefits of commensal bacteria

A
  1. synthesize essential metabolites (ex. vitamin K)
  2. break down plant fibers in food
  3. inactivate toxic substances in food or made by pathogens (before our immune cells even see them)
  4. Prevent pathogens from benefiting from the resources of the human gut
  5. interact with epithelium to trigger development of secondary lymphoid tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ dimers protect our mucosal surfaces (what type of immunoglobiulin)- MALT

A

IgA dimers

bring it in via transcytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

receptor mediated transport from one side of a cell to the other

A

transcytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what maintains microbiome populations, keeps population growth in check (neutralize) and prevent it from overgrowing and infecting us

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

along with IgA what also protects our mucosal tissues

A

IgM

  • activated adaptive immune response constantly = consistent antibody production

as well as IgG: helpful in lower respiratory tract and urogenital tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

do we have any complement pathway in mucosal tissues?

A

NOPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

made of glycoproteins, mucins (proteins), that provide viscous and protective features

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

very stick proteins that have simple sequence repeats

____ polypeptides are linked by disulfide bonds and form huge networks

sticky because of a lot of carbohydrate residues

A

mucins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

secrete mucus

A

goblet cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

produce AMPs (Antimicrobial Peptides)

A

paneth cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

epithelial cells and lamina propria (connective tissue with immune cells and structures)

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bring antigens into the lumen of the intestines

A

M cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

specialized epithelial cells in GALT passing antigen from intestinal lumen to intestinal wall (lamino proprai)

A

M cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

help us constantly monitor the gut lumen

A

M (microfold) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

M cells transport antigens to

A

peyer’s patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
can capture antigen from gut lumen by extending processes between intestinal epithelial cells
dendritic cells
26
disturbances to the environment cause
inflammation
27
for mucosal infections we don't want
a lot of inflammation, not alot of requirement of immune cells because we mostly just use what we already have to deal with the problem and don't break down the tissue so no need to repair (repair causes a big immune response)
28
what are the two strategies that mucosal immunity employs?
1. low inflammation: avoid tissue damage and prevent worse infections 2. proactive: constantly producing an adaptive immune response towards commensal bacteria
29
intestinal macrophages are
non-inflammatory - they are phagocytic - do not contribute to inflammation, do NOT produce cytokines inflammation anergic but remember that intestinal epithelial cells create local inflammation
30
intestinal epithelial cells use ____ and _____ receptors to recognize bacteria that passed through mucus ....intestinal epithelial cells create local inflammation
TLRs and NOD
31
mucosal cells don't do good with
inflammation
32
significant reduction of infection due to majority of population being immune
herd immunity
33
What are the types of vaccines (4):
1. weaken the virus 2. inactivate the virus (heat or chemically inactivate the virus) 3. use part of the pathogen 4. use part of the genetic code
34
live, weakened virus grown in non-human cells = strong immune response not suitable for immunocompromised patients
live-attenuated viruses
35
describe the new generation of the live-attenuated viruses
we delete the virulence gene and this makes it harder for the virus to revert to wildtype infectivity = safer for immunocompromised patients
36
heat or chemically inactivating the virus is used for ______ patients
immunocompromised patients requires multiple doses
36
only uses the specific parts of a virus or bacterium that the immune system needs to recognize
protein subunit vaccines - no genetic material, cannot replicate = not as strong immune response - suitable for immunocompromised patients, requires multiple doses
37
what is a type of subunit vaccine where protein is attached to carbohydrate to elicit an immune response
conjugate vaccine
38
conjugate vaccines ( a type of subunit vaccine) uses what as the protein
toxoids (inactivated toxin)
39
what makes a conjugate vaccine better than a polysaccharide vaccine?
it induces activation of Helper T cells
40
how do vaccines against bacterial diseases differ from vaccines for viral diseases?
they target toxins instead only bacterial vaccines target toxins because viral diseases don't make toxins
41
a modern approach to vaccine development that starts with analyzing the genome of a pathogen (like a bacterium or virus) to identify potential vaccine targets, rather than starting with the pathogen itself in the lab
reverse vaccinology, why we are able to come up with vaccines so fast
42
increase the vaccination immune response
adjuvants
43
can create a depot (storage) = slow, controlled release of vaccine
adjuvants
44
may be added to a vaccine to mimic danger signals and catch the attention of the immune system
an adjuvant
45
what do we not have a vaccine to yet?
HIV - it mutates so rapidly, integrates into host DNA and evades our immune system - attenuated vaccines are unsafe - our attempts to make a successful vaccine keep failing
46
some HIV patients that manage the idsease better have
broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs)
47
for respiratory viruses, they are trying to replace muscular vaccines with _____ vaccines to trigger a mucosal immune response
intranasal vaccines (up ur nose hole)
48
what is one cancer vaccine that has been successful
gardasil vaccine to prevent HPV, prevent cervical cancer
49
antigen-based cancer vaccines target
neoantigens
50
prostate cancer vaccine in use in prostate cancer patients
provenge
51
mutation allows for escape from _____
immunity
52
yearly changes in influenza viruses: slow changes
antigenic drift
53
outbreak within a population
epidemic influenza viruses are typically epidemic
54
fast changes in viruses
antigenic shift
55
worldwide outbreak of infection
pandemic
56
co-infection results in an exchange of genetic information and generates more competitive virus
recombination
57
ross link receptors together to trigger broad T cell activation
superantigens
58
superantigens cross-linking receptors together to tripper broad T cell activation can lead to Ex. 2-20% of T cells activated instead of 1 in 10 000
toxic shock syndrome
59
have proteins that disrupt antigen processing and presentation on MHC class I proteins
viruses
60
genetic process where one DNA sequence is non reciprocally copies over another, making them more similar or identical
gene conversion
61
viruses that hide from our immune system
latent viruses
62
_____ infection causes immune amnesia
measles
63
arise from absent or defective component in either innate or adaptive immunity
immunodeficiencies
64
immunodeficiency inherited through genetics
primary immunodeficiency
65
immunodeficiency due to environmental factors (ex. malnutrition, viral infection,etc)
secondary immunodeficiency
66
microbes that do not affect healthy individuals but infect immunocompromised individuals
opportunistic infection
67
what does HIV lead to
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome)
68
slowly depletes CD4 T cell population
HIV
69
another name for mono or the kissing disease
EBV
70
EBV (or mono or kissing disease) can trigger what
multiple sclerosis
71
how an EBV infection trigger the development of Multiple sclerosis (MS)?
EBV has a surface antigen that is similar to a protein on the myelin sheath when our bodies protect against EBV infection and get rid of EBV infected cells, we create B cells and T cells to do so but since the surface antigen is similar to the protein on the myelin sheath, the T cells and B cells might target the myelin sheath and degrade that instead leading to MS
72
how come immune responses to HIV rarely eliminates virus
due to rapid maturation rate = progression to immunodeficiency
73
AIDS is a _______ immunodeficiency
secondary
74
has helped majority of population of infected HIV individuals prevent progression to AIDS
anti-retroviral therapy (ART) / combination therapy because we want to target all 5 stages of HIV development
75
multiple anti-viral drugs
combination therapy or ART (anti-retroviral therapy)
76
allows for increases T cell numbers and prevention of AIDS
anti-retroviral therapy (ART) or combination therapy
77
HIV has ______ for viral entry
co-receptors (additional to CD4)
78
initial HIV infections come from
R5 viruses (M-tropic)
79
what are the two types of HIV viruses that can infect us
X4 virus : T tropic X5 virus: M tropic
80
why is the CCR5 mutation is beneficial for HIV infection
because those with this mutation don't get R5 HIV infection! because R5 binds to CCR5 and CD4
81
X4 (t tropic) HIV virus binds to
CD4 and CXCR4
82
R5 (m tropic) virus binds to
CD4 and CCR5

Psychology (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions