Basal Ganglia

Question 1

in a complex movement, what else lights up besides primary motor?

Answer 1

supplemental motor area

Question 2

supplemental motor area lights up when? 2:

Answer 2

1. complex movement

2. mental rehearsal of complex movement

Question 3

what is really represented in primary motor cortex?

Answer 3

functional movements

eg. hand to face and hand to chest

Question 4

what are mirror motor neurons?

Answer 4

visually guided motor neurons in lateral premotor cortex

Question 5

mirror neurons are activity or goal related?

Answer 5

activity related

Question 6

inputs to primary motor include?

Answer 6

3D modelling of environment from parietal

premotor areas

Question 7

inputs to premotor areas come from?

Answer 7

prefrontal cortex: value and judge significance

Question 8

visual system provides what info to motor cortex?

Answer 8

dorsal: where: reaching
ventral: what: grasping

Question 9

what is involved in sequence learning?

Answer 9

supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas

Question 10

3 big functions of basal ganglia?

Answer 10

1. selection of complex patterns of movement
2. evaluating success of action
3. initiating movements

Question 11

basal ganglia is made up of 5 things:

Answer 11

1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
4. subthalamic nucleus
5. substantia nigra

Question 12

what else does basal ganglia do besides movement? 3 others:

Answer 12

1. limbic
2. occulomotor
3. prefrontal

Question 13

How is the basal ganglia affected in Huntington’s?

Answer 13

basal ganglia severely affected/ablated

Question 14

2 ways basal ganglia communicate?

Answer 14

1. direct: initiation

2. indirect: suppression

Question 15

4 big things cerebellum does:

Answer 15

1. coordination/timing
2. maintain tone
3. motor learning
4. plan sequences for complex movements

Question 16

Cerebellar anatomy: how many lobes?

Answer 16

3 main lobes
sup
mid (largest)
inf.

Question 17

cerebellar histology

Answer 17

cortex gray, subcortical white, same neural circuitry design throughout entire cerebellum

Question 18

cerebellar functional organization?

Answer 18

medial to lateral for body somatotopy

Question 19

cerebellar deficits called?

Answer 19

ataxia

Question 20

effects of a cerebellar unilateral lesion are which side?

Answer 20

ipsilateral (double cross over)

Question 21

Cerebellar Anterior Lobe syndrome get what 2 things? from what?

Answer 21

1. ataxic gait
2. loss of interlimb coordination (heel slide)
   usually from ethanol toxicity

Question 22

Cerebellar posterior lobe syndrome gets what 3 things?

Answer 22

1. dysmetria (overshoot reach)
2. dysdiadochokinesia
3. speech abnormality

Question 23

Cerebellar flocculonodular lobe syndrome get?

Answer 23

truncal ataxia

Question 24

dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, speech abnormality seen with?

Answer 24

Cerebellar posterior lobe syndrome

Question 25

how do you get truncal ataxia?

Answer 25

Cerebellar flocculonodular lobe syndrome

Question 26

how do you get ataxic gait, loss of interlimb coordination?

Answer 26

Cerebellar Anterior Lobe syndrome

Question 27

if you have right side deficits that are of cerebellar origins, where in cerebellum is lesion?

Answer 27

right side ipsilateral

Question 28

cerebellum demonstrates what with dart throwing and prism glasses? what happens with unilateral lesion?

Answer 28

1. plasticity | 2. unable to adjust with prism glasses