BBB, Meninges, Brain Ventricles, CSF, and Blood Flow to the Brain

Question 1

(Sympathetic/Parasympathetic) NS controls cerebral blood flow

Answer 1

Sympathetic

Question 2

What are the layers of the meninges?

Answer 2

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

Question 3

What is the function of the meninges?

Answer 3

Pads or protects the brain

Question 4

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 4

Choroid plexuses

Question 5

Where is the choroid plexus found?

Answer 5

Ventricles

Question 6

Where does the CSF exits the subarachnoid space?

Answer 6

Arachnoid villi (one-way valve)

Question 7

What major waste products do CSF remove?

Answer 7

CO2, lactate, and hydrogen ions

Question 8

What is the brain weight?

Answer 8

1500g

Question 9

CSF vs Plasma

Which has higher water content?

Answer 9

CSF

Question 10

CSF vs Plasma

Which has higher glucose levels?

Answer 10

Plasma

Question 11

CSF vs Plasma

Which has higher osmolarity?

Answer 11

Both are the same

Question 12

CSF vs Plasma

Which is more acidic?

Answer 12

CSF

Question 13

CSF vs Plasma

Which has higher protein levels?

Answer 13

Plasma

Question 14

CSF vs Plasma

Which has lower protein levels?

Answer 14

CSF

Question 15

CSF vs Plasma

Which has lower glucose levels?

Answer 15

CSF

Question 16

CSF vs Plasma

Which has lower water content?

Answer 16

Plasma

Question 17

CSF vs Plasma

Which has lower osmolarity?

Answer 17

Both are the same

Question 18

CSF vs Plasma

Which is more basic?

Answer 18

Plasma

Question 19

What is the production rate of CSF?

Answer 19

400-500cc / day

Question 20

What is the ventricular / arachnoid volume?

Answer 20

100 - 150cc

Question 21

What is the turnover rate of CSF?

Answer 21

3-4 times

Question 22

What is the treatment of hydrocephalus?

Answer 22

Ventricular shunt tubing w/ one-way valves; this allows CSF to escape directly into bloodstream or peritoneal cavity

Question 23

What causes hydrocephalus?

Answer 23

Increased CSF in ventricles

Question 24

Brain has (arteries/veins)

Answer 24

arteries only

Question 25

What prevents the escape of neurotransmitters from functional sites into general circulation?

Answer 25

BBB

Question 26

(Hydrophobic/Lipophilic) drugs can cross BBB

Answer 26

Lipophilic

Question 27

Which of the following can cross BBB? * Water * Plasma * Non-lipid molecules * CO2 * O2 * Alcohol * Anesthetics

Answer 27

All of them except plasma + non-lipid molecules

Question 28

BBB consist of (tight/loose) junctions of the endothelial cells of the _______ capillaries

Answer 28

tight + cerebral

Question 29

What is the barrier between cerebral capillary blood and CSF?

Answer 29

Blood CSF Barrier (not BBB)

Question 30

Blood CSF Barrier consist of (tight/loose) junctions of the endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries and the _____ plexus epithelium

Answer 30

tight + choroid

Question 31

If a substance is not lipid soluble, what kind of carriers are used?

Answer 31

Solute carriers

Question 32

What are the types of solute carriers?

Answer 32

1. OAT1/3 2. SLCA2A1/Glut1 3. SLC7A5/LAT1

Question 33

What does the OAT1/3 take up?

Answer 33

Beta-lactam antibiotics, statins, + H2 receptor antagonists

Question 34

What does the SLCA2A1/Glut1 take up?

Answer 34

Glucose (transported down its concentration gradient)

Question 35

What does the SLC7A5/LAT1 take up?

Answer 35

L-DOPA + Amino Acids

Question 36

How does blood flow into the brain?

Answer 36

Pial artery, then penetrating arteriole, then capillary

Question 37

What are the some disadvantages of treating CNS diseases?

Answer 37

1. Multiple drug resistant | 2. Breast cancer resistance protein

Question 38

What efflux transporter limits entry of substances into the brain (Multiple drug resistant)?

Answer 38

P-glycoprotein

Question 39

What happens to the BBB with hypertension?

Answer 39

Opens it

Question 40

What happens to the BBB when a tumor is introduced?

Answer 40

Develops new capillaries, lacks BBB

Question 41

How could you shrink fluids of BBB?

Answer 41

IV injection of hypertonic fluids

Question 42

What area controls hormones of the body/ANS regulation?

Answer 42

Median eminence

Question 43

What area controls fluid electrolytes + water balance?

Answer 43

Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT) + Subfornical organ

Question 44

What area is also known as the vomit response?

Answer 44

Area postrema

Question 45

What is the median eminence in control of?

Answer 45

Controls hormones of the body / ANS regulation

Question 46

What is the Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT) in control of?

Answer 46

Fluid electrolytes + water balance

Question 47

What is the subfornical organ in control of?

Answer 47

Fluid electrolytes + water balance

Question 48

What is the Area postrema in control of?

Answer 48

Vomit response