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Physiology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Photo stimuli are electromagnetic waves between and ___ and ___ nm long

A

400 and 750

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2
Q

What part of the eye regulates the amount of light that comes into the eye?

A

Pupil

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3
Q

What controls the diameter of the pupil besides light?

A

Muscles in the iris

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4
Q

When light enters the eye the pupil dilates, what is another name for this?

A

Mydriasis

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5
Q

When the pupil constricts, what is the other name for it?

A

Mioisis

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6
Q

What makes up the optic apparatus of the eye?

A

Lens + Cornea

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7
Q

What determines the curvature of the lens?

A

Zonules + Ciliary muscles

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8
Q

What region of the eye is the fovea found in?

A

Macula

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9
Q

What is the inner cellular layer of the eye?

A

Retina

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10
Q

What kind of fluids is found in front of the lens?

A

Aqueous humor

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11
Q

What kind of fluids is found behind the lens?

A

Vitreous humor

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12
Q

Aqueous humor is continuously secreted by the _____ ______, while the vitreous humor is a stable ______ mass

A

ciliary process

gelatinous

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13
Q

Where specifically does the aqueous humor secrete between in the ciliary process?

A

Between the lens and iris (posterior chamber) thens through pupil into the space between iris and cornea (anterior chamber)

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14
Q

What kind of nutrients does the aqueous humor provide to the lens and cornea?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Aqueous humor exits the eye through the ______ meshwork and ______ canal then drains into the ocular veins. Exits the eye through the _______ outflow pathway

A

trabecular

Schlemm’s

Uveoscleral

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16
Q

Intraocular pressure is maintained within the normal range of….?

A

15mmHg (+/-3mmHg)

17
Q

High intraocular pressure causes what?

A

Glaucoma

18
Q

How do you treat high intraocular pressure?

A

Increase aqueous humor drainage.

Use Latanoprost (prostaglandin-like)

19
Q

What recycles the visual pigment molecules that are degraded using phototransduction?

A

Retina

20
Q

What is the outermost layer of epithelial cells of the eye?

A

Non-neuronal retina (retinal pigment layer)

21
Q

Of the retina, the outer segment faces the retinal pigment epithelium and has membrane folds called…? What does it contain?

A

disks

Rhodopsin

22
Q

What does rhodopsin have?

A

Protein opsin and retinal (vitamin A derivatives)

23
Q

Rods are (sensitive/not sensitive) to light and allow objects to be seen in (low/high) light intensity

A

sensitive

low

24
Q

Cones are (sensitive/not sensitive) to light and allow objects to be seen in (low/high) light intensity

A

not sensitive

high

25
Q

Highest density of cones are found in ….?

A

fovea

26
Q

What are the three types of cone photoreceptors?

A

Blue (Short)
Green (Medium)
Red (Long)

27
Q

In the dark, photoreceptors are depolarizing because…?

A

cGMP activates nonselective cation channels to open (Na+ influx), which causes release of glutamate

28
Q

In the light, retina absorbs the photons and causes what?

A

11-cis-retinal to all trans retinal (conformational change in opsin and rhodopsin is activated). Opsin is associated w/ GTP binding protein called transducin

29
Q

In the light, activation of transducin results in what?

A

Activation of PDE which degrades cGMP to 5’-GMP. The decrease in cGMP leads to closure of CNG channels

30
Q

When light energy is converted into a receptor potential, receptor potential for rods and cones are (depolarizing/hyperpolarizing)

A

hyperpolarizing

31
Q

In the light, closure of Na+ channels = ??? = reduction of ???? released

A

hyperpolarization

glutamate

32
Q

Visual signals are transmitted into the superior portions of the ____ lobe and _____ posterior portions of the _____ lobe

A

occiptal

parietal

33
Q

Visual signals representing color are transmitted mainly into the ______ visual cortex of the occipital lobe for further processing and interpretation

A

secondary

34
Q

What degrades cGMP to 5’GMP?

A

PDE

35
Q

The decrease in cGMP leads to closure of what?

A

CNG channels

36
Q

What activates PDE enzymes to be released?

A

Activation of transducin

37
Q

What activates the release of transducin?

A

Rhodopsin activating

Physiology (24 decks)

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