Secretions of the GI System

Question 1

Salivary secretions are regulated by cranial nerves ___ and ____

Answer 1

7 + 9

Question 2

What are the three salivary glands?

Answer 2

Parotid + Submandibular + Sublingual

Question 3

What initiates carb. digestion?

Answer 3

Alpha amylase

Question 4

What initiates fat digestion?

Answer 4

Lingual lipase

Question 5

What is found in saliva that acts as a major lubricant?

Answer 5

Mucous

Question 6

What chelates iron and is needed for bacterial replication?

Answer 6

Lactoferrin

Question 7

What does alpha amylase initiate?

Answer 7

Carb. digestion

Question 8

What does lingual lipase initiate?

Answer 8

Fat digestion

Question 9

What does lactoferrin do?

Answer 9

Chelates iron; iron is needed for bacterial replication

Question 10

Which of following is not associated with salivary secretion?
A. Salivatory nucleus
B. Lingual lipase
C. Vagus nerves
D. Parotid gland

Answer 10

C. Vagus nerves

Question 11

What secretes HCl?

Answer 11

Parietal cells

Question 12

What does pepsin do?

Answer 12

Contributes to protein digestion

Question 13

What is the function of HCl?

Answer 13

To denature dietary proteins + kill ingested microorganisms

Question 14

What does gastric lipase do?

Answer 14

Contributes to fat digestion

Question 15

What are intrinsic factors in gastric juice?

Answer 15

A glycoprotein necessary for Vit. B12 absorption

Question 16

What kind of pump does the gastric acid secretion use?

Answer 16

Proton pump; pumps H+ from cytoplasm into stomach lumen for K+

Question 17

How does Cl- get into parietal cells?

Answer 17

Via the Cl/HCO3 exchange

Question 18

Parietal cells contain receptors for what that stimulate acid secretion?

Answer 18

1. ACh
2. Gastrin
3. Histamine

Question 19

There are several pathways to stimulate gastric acid secretion. What are they?

Answer 19

1. Vagus nerve via ACh
2. Endocrine stimulation for gastrin from G cells
3. Paracrine stimulation from histamines

Question 20

What happens to gastric acid secretion if the vagus nerve via ACh is stimulated?

Answer 20

Calcium increases

Question 21

What happens to gastric acid secretion if gastrin is stimulated?

Answer 21

Endocrine stimulation, Calcium increases

Question 22

What happens to gastric acid secretion if histamines are released?

Answer 22

Paracrine stimulation, increases cAMP

Question 23

What does secretin do?

Answer 23

Stimulates production of bicarbonate

Question 24

Where is secretin produced?

Answer 24

Duodenum

Question 25

What cells produce secretin?

Answer 25

S cells

Question 26

When gastric pH is low, H+ (promotes/inhibits) G cells

Answer 26

inhibits

Question 27

When gastric pH is low, Somatostatin levels are (increased/decreased) and (promote/inhibit) G cells

Answer 27

increased + inhibit

Question 28

When gastric pH is low, secretin is (produced/inhibited)

Answer 28

produced

Question 29

Why is prostaglandin important?

Answer 29

Part of the secretion of mucus

Question 30

Where is prostaglandin E2 produced?

Answer 30

Stomach

Question 31

Prostaglandin E2 is an antagonist to what in the parietal cells?

Answer 31

Histamine

Question 32

Prostaglandin E2 is an (agonist/antagonist) to histamine in the parietal cells?

Answer 32

antagonist

Question 33

Prostaglandin E2 (promote/inhibit) production of cAMP

Answer 33

inhibit

Question 34

Because NSAIDS inhibit prostaglandins , what do they do to gastric acid secretion?

Answer 34

Increases it

Question 35

What can occur as a result of chronic use of NSAIDS?

Answer 35

Erosive gastritis

Question 36

Mucus glands are (stimulated/inhibited) by sympathetic stimulation

Answer 36

inhibited

Question 37

The enterocytes in the crypts do what?

Answer 37

Secrete large amounts of water/electrolytes

Question 38

The enterocytes over the surfaces of the villi do what?

Answer 38

Reabsorb the water/electrolytes along the end products of digestion

Question 39

The mucus glands are inhibited by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) stimulation

Answer 39

Sympathetic

Question 40

The enterocytes that cover the villi, contain digestive enzymes that digest specific food substances while they are being absorbed through the epithelium and one of which is peptidase. What does it do?

Answer 40

Splits small peptides into AA

Question 41

The enterocytes that cover the villi, contain digestive enzymes that digest specific food substances while they are being absorbed through the epithelium and some are sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, and lactase. What does it do?

Answer 41

Splits disaccharides into monosaccharides

Question 42

The enterocytes that cover the villi, contain digestive enzymes that digest specific food substances while they are being absorbed through the epithelium and one of which is intestinal lipase. What does it do?

Answer 42

Splits neutral fats into glycerol and FA

Question 43

Which of the following statements is False? A. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin formation and increase gastric acid secretion. B. The production of alkaline mucus in small intestines, in part, is stimulated by the vagus nerves C. Enterocytes in the intestinal villi secrete peptidases for breaking down carbohydrates D. Enterocytes in the intestinal crypts secrete water.

Answer 43

C. Enterocytes in the intestinal villi secrete peptidases for breaking down carbohydrates

Question 44

As chyme goes from stomach to small intestine, what must be neutralized quick?

Answer 44

Acid; this is done via pancreas which secretes alkaline fluid

Question 45

What must be broken down further after it passes the stomach?

Answer 45

Macromolecules; fats + proteins + starch; pancreas will produce enzymes that break this down

Question 46

What enzyme hydrolyzes starches, glycogen, and most other carbs (except cellulose)?

Answer 46

Pancreatic amylase

Question 47

When there is a presence of acid, ______ stimulation potentiate the effects of secretin

Answer 47

Cholinergic

Question 48

When there is a presence of acid, ______ stimulates ductal bicarbonate production

Answer 48

Secretin

Question 49

When there is a presence of acid, ____-______ stimulates acinar enzyme secretion

Answer 49

CCK-cholecystokinin

Question 50

Cholinergic, secretin, CCK-cholecytokinin secretion are triggered by the presence of _____

Answer 50

acid

Question 51

Secretion of bile is through the _____ tract

Answer 51

biliary

Question 52

Biles facilitates digestion of fats by emulsification and solubilization of fats. This is known as the _____ action

Answer 52

Detergent

Question 53

What does the bile salts do to the surface area of fats?

Answer 53

Increase SA

Question 54

Bile salts form mixed micelles and enhance the absorption of lipids by epithelial cells in the _____

Answer 54

ileum

Question 55

Bile is actively secreted by what cell?

Answer 55

Hepatocytes from cholesterol

Question 56

50% cholesterol eliminations is due to what?

Answer 56

Synthesizing bile salts

Question 57

The recirculation of bile is known as what?

Answer 57

Enterohepatic circulation

Question 58

(T/F) Bile amount is typically big enough to assimilate the lipid content of a typical meal

Answer 58

False, not enough. Entire bile pool is recirculated 2+ times

Question 59

A. ACh, B. gastrin, C. histamine, D. secretin Vagus nerves_____ G cells_____ CCK receptor_____ H2 receptor ______

Answer 59

asd

Question 60

A. ACh, B. gastrin, C. histamine, D. secretin Bicarbonate production______ cAMP activation _______ ECl cells _______ Endocrine ______

Answer 60

adf

Question 61

A. ACh, B. gastrin, C. histamine, D. secretin Paracrine_______ Calcium-dependent-pathway________ Parietal cells______ Increases gastric secretion_______

Answer 61

adsf

Question 62

What do trypsin and chymotrypsin do?

Answer 62

Splits Proteins