Brain Activity, Sleep, + Mood Disorders

Question 1

Nerve signals from the ______ brain (brain stem) are needed for the cerebrum to function properly

Answer 1

lower

Question 2

Reticular formation lesions results in what?

Answer 2

Loss of consciousness or coma

Question 3

Bulboreticular facilitory area are (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 3

excitatory

Question 4

Loss of excitatory stimuli result in _____

Answer 4

coma

Question 5

Axons carrying the signals from reticular formation go thru the ______ then onto the cerebral cortex

Answer 5

thalamus

Question 6

Nerve fibers from locus ceruleus secrete what?

Answer 6

Norepinephrine

Question 7

Locus ceruleus is important in ….?

Answer 7

Dreaming (REM sleep)

Question 8

Decrease in norepinephrine results in..

A. Excitability
B. Depression
C. Paralysis

Answer 8

Depression

Question 9

Adrenergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the ____ then on to the cerebrum

Answer 9

thalamus

Question 10

Adrenergic neurons are responsible for controlling…?

Answer 10

mood

Question 11

Acetylcholine is usually (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 11

excitatory

Question 12

Serotonin is usually (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 12

inhibitory

Question 13

What nuclei releases serotonin?

Answer 13

Raphe nuclei

Question 14

Serotoniergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the _____ then to cerebrum to control _____

Answer 14

thalamus + mood

Question 15

Serotoniergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the _____ then to spinal cord to control _____

Answer 15

pain

Question 16

When stimulated, raphe nuclei releases what?

Answer 16

Serotonin

Question 17

Dopamine is (excitatory/inhibitory)

Answer 17

Both

Question 18

Substantia nigra sends axons to caudate nucleus and putamen (straitum) to secrete what?

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

What area releases dopamine?

Answer 19

Substantia nigra ->caudate nucleus + putamen (straitum)

Question 20

Loss of dopamine is also known as ______ disease

Answer 20

Parkinson’s

Question 21

Dopamine regulates _______

Answer 21

movement

Question 22

Parkinson’s disease is a result of loss of ______

Answer 22

dopamine

Question 23

Hypothalamus is a major controller of the endocrine + ______

Answer 23

ANS

Question 24

What is a key site that controls homeostatic functions, motivated behaviors (eating), circadian rhythms, and sex drive?

Answer 24

Hypothalamus

Question 25

______ is a major controller of the endocrine + ANS

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

______ directly monitors changes in plasma composition thru circumventricular organs, where BBB is permeable

Answer 26

Hypothalamus

Question 27

What links the hypothalamus w/ higher centers for control of mood and emotion?

Answer 27

Frontal lobe + parts of limbic system

Question 28

The frontal lobe and parts of the limbic system link the hypothalamus to do what?

Answer 28

Ascends w/ higher centers for control of mood + emotion

Question 29

The hypothalamus receives many afferent inputs via what?

Answer 29

Visceral + somatic pathways

Question 30

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the thalamus and then...

Answer 30

to the prefrontal + association cortex for processing

Question 31

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the reticular areas of the brain stem to....?

Answer 31

Regulate parasympathetic (ANS) flow

Question 32

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the spinal cord to regulate....?

Answer 32

sympathetic flow

Question 33

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the endocrine system via connections with the pituitary gland.

Answer 33

ok

Question 34

Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate sympathetic flow?

Answer 34

Spinal cord

Question 35

Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate parasympathetic flow?

Answer 35

Brain stem

Question 36

Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate processing?

Answer 36

Thalamus, then to prefrontal and association area

Question 37

Arterial pressure, HR, respiratory rate, and urination is controlled by...?

Answer 37

Brain stem

Question 38

Transection of brain stem above midpontine level allows basal control of...?

Answer 38

Arterial pressure to continue as before, but prevents its modulation by hypothalamus

Question 39

Transection below the medulla causes...?

Answer 39

arterial pressure to fall to less than one-half normal

Question 40

Aerterial pressure to fall to less than one-half normal is a result of transection.....>

Answer 40

Below the medulla

Question 41

____ is converted to melatonin in the pineal gland

Answer 41

Serotonin

Question 42

Serotonin is converted to melatonin in the ____ gland

Answer 42

pineal

Question 43

Serotonin is converted to ______ in the pineal gland

Answer 43

melatonin

Question 44

Where is melatonin secreted?

Answer 44

Bloodstream

Question 45

Melatonin synthesis + secretion are increased during the (light/dark) and vice versa for the other chioice

Answer 45

dark

Question 46

Circadian rhythm is created by the ______ nuclei of the hypothalamus

Answer 46

suprachiasmatic

Question 47

Insomnia is often co-morbid w/ ______

Answer 47

depression

Question 48

_______ can be used to treat jet lag, and insomnia in elderly individuals

Answer 48

Melatonin

Question 49

______ therapy has been shown to be effective to treat individuals who experience disturbances in their circadian cycle

Answer 49

Light

Question 50

______ is a melatonin receptor agonist that is more effective than melatonin in treating insomnia

Answer 50

Ramelteon

Question 51

What two neurotransmitters enhance a sense of well-being in humans?

Answer 51

Norepinephrine + serotonin

Question 52

What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do?

Answer 52

Reduce rate of serotonergic + norepinephrine breakdown

Question 53

_____ inhibitors are used in early stages of Alzheimer's

Answer 53

Cholinesterase

Question 54

Cholinesterase inhibitors are used in early stages of ___________

Answer 54

Alzheimer's