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Physiology > Insulin, Glucagon & Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Insulin, Glucagon & Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Insulin ______ breakdown of lipids

A

inhibits

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2
Q

What can lipidemia cause?

A
  1. Coma
  2. CNS depression
  3. Ketone breath
  4. Hyperpnea
  5. Cardiac irregularities
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3
Q

T/F Proinsulin is composed of A,B, + C chains

A

True

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4
Q

T/F Growth hormones and ghrelin suppress insulin release

A

False; Somatostatin + Leptin

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5
Q

T/F Proinsulin gets cleaved into insulin & A/B peptide

A

False; insulin & C peptide

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6
Q

What kind of drugs stimulate insulin release?

A

Sulfonylurea

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7
Q

T/F High carb diet causes the release of both insulin and glucagon

A

False; protein

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8
Q

T/F Obesity stimulates insulin release

A

True

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9
Q

T/F Increased blood glucose levels suppresses insulin release

A

False; decreased

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10
Q

T/F Glucagon, GH, cortisol will suppress insulin release

A

False; stimulate

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11
Q

T/F Glucagon stimulates release of glucose to the blood

A

True

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12
Q

T/F Glucose enters the beta cells via GLUT2 transporters

A

True

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13
Q

Glucagon _______ glycogen production

A

decreases

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14
Q

T/F Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis

A

True

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15
Q

T/F Lipidemia can cause one to have CNS depression and coma

A

True

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16
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Diluted urine

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17
Q

Insulin ______ free fatty acid uptake

A

increases

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18
Q

Fasting ______ insulin release

A

suppresses

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19
Q

How does polyuria affect NaCl levels in kidney?

A

Decreases

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20
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Increased thirst

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21
Q

GI hormones (Incretins) _______ insulin release

A

Stimulate

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22
Q

T/F Glucagon inhibits glycogenolysis

A

False; stimulates

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23
Q

What GI hormone stimulates insulin release?

A

Incretins

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24
Q

What happens when the tyrosine kinase receptor is activated?

A

Causes phosphorylation of many intracellular enzymes can

Activates other enzyme which changes gene expression

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25
What is the plasma half life of insulin?
6 minutes
26
When glucagon receptor is activated, what happens?
1. Activates adenylyl cyclase 2. Increases cAMP 3. Activates protein kinase A
27
T1DM vs T2DM; which have a lack of insulin secretion?
T1DM
28
T/F The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine cells
True
29
T/F Sleeping causes glucagon secretion
False; excercise
30
Insulin _______ glycogen production
increases
31
How is insulin first synthesized as?
Preproinsulin
32
Hyperglycemia _______ glucagon stimulation
inhibits
33
What enzyme catalyzes glucose to G6P?
Glucokinase
34
How does polyuria affect renin levels in kidney?
Increases
35
What enzyme degrades insulin?
Insulinase in the liver
36
T/F Depolarization of ATP-sensitive K channels activate voltage-gated Na+ channels to release insulin from insulin-containing vesicles
False; Ca++
37
What does glucagon do to the liver/adipose tissue?
Lipolysis
38
Insulin _______ glucose production
decreases
39
T/F Increased blood glucose, Increased blood free fatty acid, and increased blood amino acids stimulates insulin release
True
40
How many AA are found in insulin?
51 AA long
41
How does diabetes affect the eye?
Causes angiogenesis, which allows the new blood vessels to be leaky, which are toxic to neurons
42
Insulin receptor is a receptor _______ _______ + a homodimer, which each monomer has one ___ and ___ subunit
Tyrosin kinase alpha and beta
43
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus affects ____% of diabetes pt
5-10%
44
T1DM vs T2DM; which is likely caused by a viral infection?
T1DM
45
How does polyuria affect how nutrients get into the kidney?
Less nutrients because of less blood, which causes kidney failure
46
Binding insulin to a receptor, it causes _______ of many intracellular enzymes
phosphorylation
47
The two main hormones (GI hormones) are..?
GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) + GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptides)
48
How does polyuria affect blood flow in kidney?
Vasoconstriction which causes less blood flow
49
What is polyphagia?
Extreme hunger
50
Glucagon _______ glucose production
increases
51
T1DM vs T2DM; which one affects 90-95% of pts?
T2DM
52
Parasympathetic stimulation _______ insulin release
stimulates
53
What kind of receptor is a glucagon receptor?
G-protein coupled
54
T1DM vs T2DM; which has a reduced sensitivity of target tissues to insulin?
T2DM
55
T/F High blood amino acids levels causes glucagon secretion
True
56
Excercise causes glucagon _____
secretion
57
T1DM vs T2DM; which has an onset at a later age?
T2DM
58
What does preproinsulin get cleaved into?
proinsulin
59
What is the other name for exocrine cells in the pancreas?
Pancreatic acinar cells
60
T1DM vs T2DM; which is the autoimmune disease?
T1DM
61
What kinds of chains are found in insulin?
A + B chains
62
Beta cells in the pancreas produce:
insulin
63
What can glucose form as a toxic effect?
AGE (Advanced Glycation End Products ) + polyols via aldose reductase
64
There are clusters of cells in the pancreas called the __________ that produces glucagon and insulin
Pancreatic Islet of Langerhans
65
_______ are GI hormones that increase insulin release
Incretins
66
T/F Sympathetic stimulation stimulates insulin release
False; Parasympathetic
67
Sulfonylurea drugs _______ insulin release
stimulate
68
T/F Parasympathetic stimulation inhibits insulin release
False; stimulates
69
What toxic effect can glucose bring to proteins?
Change their function (EX: protein catabolism)
70
Hypoglycemia ________ glucagon secretion
stimulates
71
T/F Hyperglycemia causes glucagon secretion
False; Hypoglycemia
72
Alpha cells in the pancreas produce:
glucagon
73
T1DM vs T2DM; which has an onset at any age, but usually around 14y.o. in the US?
T1DM
74
Where does proinsulin get cleaved at?
Golgi
75
Insulin ________ lipogenesis
stiumulates
76
T/F Preproinsulin is cleaved at the membrane to form proinsulin
False; cleaved at ER
77
What is the immediate effect of lipidemia?
Increased levels of free FA in blood
78
What damage can hyperglycemia bring?
1. Polydipsia (increased thirst) 2. Polyuria (diluted urine) 3. Peripheral circulation failure 4. Polyphagia (extreme hunger)
79
When do you see lipidemia in T1DM?
Severe case
80
T/F Insulin causes glycogen synthesis and glucose production in the liver
False; Glycogen synthesis + INHIBITS glucose production
81
T/F Staying in the fasting state suppresses insulin release
True
82
T/F Insulin causes synthesis of FA and inhibits breakdown of lipids
True
83
Insulin allows increase uptake of glucose by muscle, adipose, and many tissues except where?
Neurons
84
Insulin ______ synthesis of proteins
increases

Physiology (24 decks)

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