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Physiology > GI Overview + Motility > Flashcards

GI Overview + Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the GI System?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Host Defense
  4. Excretion
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2
Q

What gets excreted, hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules?

A

Hydrophobic (cholesterol, steroids, and drug metabolites)

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3
Q

The ENS breaks down to what?

A
  1. Submucosal plexus

2. Myenteric plexus

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4
Q

The _____ nerve innervates the lower large intestines, rectum, and anus

A

pelvic

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5
Q

The _____ nerve innervates the esophagus, stomach, small intestines, pancreas, and upper large intestines

A

vagus

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6
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is usually (excitatory/inhibitory) in the GI system

A

excitatory

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7
Q

The vagus nerve preganglionic parasympathetic cholinergic fibers synapse where?

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexus

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8
Q

After the synapse at the plexus(es), the cell bodies send information where?

A
  1. Smooth muscles
  2. Secretory cell
  3. Endocrine cells
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9
Q

In the ENS, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are (cholinergic/adrenergic/both)

A

cholinergic

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10
Q

In the ENS, the postganglionic sympathetic fibers are (cholinergic/adrenergic/both)

A

adrenergic

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11
Q

The postganglionic sympathetic adrenergic fibers leave where to synapse at myenteric and submucosal plexuses?

A

Leaves prevertebral ganglia

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12
Q

ENS controls mostly GI ______ and ______

A

motility and secretion

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13
Q

Submucosal plexus is also known as ______ plexus

A

Meissner’

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14
Q

Meissner’ plexus is also known as ______ plexus

A

submucosal

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15
Q

True/False

The vagus nerve preganglionic parasympathetic cholinergic fibers synapse in the myenteric and submucosal plexus.

A

True

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16
Q 
Which of the following is NOT innervated by the pelvic nerve?
A. Anus
B. Rectum
C. lower large intestine
D. upper large intestine
A

Upper large intestines

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17
Q

True/False

The first pass mechanism is important in therapeutic interventions, as it may reduce the amount of drugs available for the body.

A

True

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is/are false?

A. Blood flow from the intestine, pancreas, stomach, and spleen flows first to the liver via the portal vein.
B. Liver receives most blood supply from hepatic artery
C. Drugs that are absorbed in the intestines are transported to the liver via the portal veins.

A

B. Liver receives most blood supply from hepatic artery

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19
Q

Which statement (s) is/are true?
A. Slow waves originate the interstitial cells of Cajal
B. The slow waves are action potential
C. Spike potentials are stimulated by stretch
D. The mechanism of slow wave production involves the opening of calcium channels
E. Answers A, C and D are true
F. Answers A, B, C and D are true

A

A + C + D are true

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20
Q

Submucosal plexus mostly controls _______

A

secretion and blood flow

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21
Q

______ plexus mostly controls secretion and blood flow

A

Submucosal or meissner’

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22
Q

Which plexus receives sensory info from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in GI tract?

A

Submucosal or Meissner’

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23
Q

Blood is transported to the liver via….

A

Celiac artery (hepatic artery) + Portal vein

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24
Q

The liver receives more blood from…

A

Portal vein

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25
Q

The spleen and stomach receive blood from what?

A

Celiac artery

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26
Q

The pancreas, small intestine, and colon receive their blood from…

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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27
Q

The colon alone receives blood from…

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric artery

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28
Q

The celiac artery can supply what organ(s)?

A
  1. Liver via hepatic artery
  2. Spleen
  3. Stomach
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29
Q

The superior mesenteric artery can supply what organ(s)?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Small Intestine
  3. Colon
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30
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery can supply what organ(s)?

A
  1. Colon
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31
Q

The portal vein can supply what organ(s)?

A
  1. Liver
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32
Q

The portal vein can supply what organ(s)?

A
  1. Liver
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33
Q

Blood flow from what organs flows first to the liver via portal vein?

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Intestine
  3. Pancreas
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34
Q

Blood flow from what organs flows first to the liver via portal vein?

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Intestine
  3. Pancreas
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35
Q

Why does the liver have multiple blood supplies?

A
  1. Serves as a defense mechanism

2. Substances absorbed flow to hepatocytes where they can be detoxified

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36
Q

The type of food that a person preferentially seeks is determined by _____

A

appetite

37
Q

The amount of food that a person ingests is determined principally by intrinsic desire for food called ______

A

hunger

38
Q

What is the outermost layer of GI tract?

A

Serosa

39
Q

What is the outermost muscles of the GI tract called? under serosa

A

Longitudinal muscle

40
Q

What is the innermost muscle layer of the GI tract?

A

Circular muscle

41
Q

The contractile tissue in the GI tract is most often the ____ muscles

A

smooth

42
Q

The exceptions of smooth muscles being the contractile tissue is where? What kind of muscles are they?

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Upper esophagus
  3. External anal sphincter

Striated muscles

43
Q

Depolarization of _____ muscles results in contraction of smooth muscles

A

circular

44
Q

Depolarization of circular muscles results in _______ of smooth muscles

A

contraction

45
Q

Depolarization of circular muscles results in contraction of smooth muscles and a decrease in ______

A

diameter

46
Q

Depolarization of _____ muscles leads to contraction in the longitudinal direction and a decrease in length of that segment

A

longitudinal

47
Q

Depolarization of longitudinal muscles leads to contraction in the _____ direction and a _____ in length of that segment

A

longitudinal + decrease

48
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Contraction and relaxation occurs rhythmically

A

Phasic

49
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Occurs in lower esophageal sphincter

A

Tonic

50
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Also known as rapid intense contraction

A

Phasic

51
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Also known as sustained contraction

A

Tonic

52
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Occurs in espohagus

A

Phasic

53
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Occurs in gastric antrum and small intestine

A

Phasic

54
Q

Phasic vs Tonic contractions

Occurs at ileocecal and internal anal sphincters

A

Tonic

55
Q

In nerve fibers, the AP are caused by _______

A

rapid entry of sodium ions

56
Q

In GI smooth muscles fibers, what ions enter?

A

Large number of Calcium + small amounts of sodium

57
Q

When is chewing (mastication) especially important for?

A

Fruits and raw vegetables because they have indigestible cellulose

58
Q

How does contraction of smooth muscles occur?

A

Via Interstitial Cells of Cajal

59
Q

Peristalsis begins in the _____

A

pharynx

60
Q

Stimulation of what area could cause chewing

A

Hypothalamus amygdala, maybe cerebral cortex

61
Q

What is receptive relaxation?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter + proximal stomach relax

62
Q

Gravity accelerates the movement of bolus and is the determinant of transit rate for _____

A

liquids

63
Q

Peristaltic waves take about ____ seconds

A

10

64
Q

Upper esophageal sphinchter is controlled by the ________

A

vagus nerve

65
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter is controlled by the ________

A

ENS

66
Q

Peristalsis relaxation wave is mediated by ______

A

Nitric Oxide

67
Q

Peristalsis contraction wave is mediated by _____

A

ACh

68
Q

How does GERD occur?

A

No relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter when there is no swallow

69
Q

What is the main determinant of gastric emptying of liquids?

A

Intragastric pressure

70
Q

What contraction determines intragastric pressure?

A

Toniic

71
Q

After ingestion of a meal, the fundus/body (relaxes/contracts)

A

relaxes

72
Q

When the stomach begins its receptive relaxation, food is pressed to the antrum via….

A

tonic contraction

73
Q

A wave of contractions in the antrum is known as….

A

retropulsion

74
Q

When is food called chyme?

A

After retropulsion

75
Q

Mixing and digestion in the stomach is increased by _____________ stimulation and decreased by _______ stimulation

A

vagal parasympathetic + sympathetic

76
Q

Mixing and digestion in the stomach is _____ by vagal parasympathetic and ______ by sympathetic stimulation

A

increase + decrease

77
Q

The presence of food in the stomach causes increased peristalsis in the ileum and relaxes ileocecal valve. This allows the ileum to empty into the colon in preparation for incoming meals; this is the ______ reflex

A

gastroileal

78
Q

The _______ reflex induces the need to defecate shortly after ingesting a meal

A

gastrocolic

79
Q

What is the rapid mediator in the gastrocolic reflex?

A

ACh

80
Q

What are the slower mediators in the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Gastrin + CCK

81
Q

When the stomach is fasting, it is interrupted by (about) 90 min intervals by a series of peristaltic waves called…?

A

Migrating motor complex

82
Q

What is the purpose of the migrating motor complex?

A

Flush out any remaining remnant’s of previous meal

83
Q

Gastric emptying is fasted when the stomach contents are (hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic)

A

isotonic

84
Q

____ inhibits gastric emptying by stimulating CCK

A

Fats

H+, but they dont stimulate CCK

85
Q

Fats inhibit gastric emptying by stimulating release of _____

A

CCK

86
Q 
Which of the following reflexes is activated in preparation for the arrival of a meal in the small intestines?
A. Receptive relaxation
B. Gastrocolic reflex
C. Duodenocolic reflex 
D. Gastroileal reflex
A

D. Gastroileal reflex

87
Q 
Which of the following function occurs mostly in the small intestines?
A. Digestion
B. Absorption 
C. Host defense
D. Excretion
A

B. Absorption

88
Q 
Which of the following sphincter is not regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A. Internal anal sphincter
B. External anal sphincter
C. Ileocecal valve
D. Upper esophageal sphincter
E. Lower esophageal sphincter
A

B. External anal sphincter

89
Q

Which of the following conditions is/are most likely to cause constipation
A. Too much fluid in the colon
B. Excess motility of colonic contents
C. Less absorption of water
D. Decreased motility of colonic contents

A

D. Decreased motility of colonic contents

A thru C = diarrhea

Physiology (24 decks)

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