Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What does leptin do?
A
Inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis
2
Q
What is the predominant glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland?
A
Cortisol
3
Q
What does Cushing’s Syndrome do?
A
- Inhibits inflammation, depress inflammation, depress cartilage and bone formation
4
Q
In females, where does LH go after it reaches the ovaries?
A
Theca cells + Granulosa cells
5
Q
What does gastrin do?
A
Stimulates HCl secretion
6
Q
What is the seventh step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
A
Lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin colloid and hormones diffuse into bloodstream.
7
Q
What hormone redistributes lipids and mobilizes FA from adipose tissue?
A
Glucocorticoids
8
Q
What does Addison’s Disease do?
A
Weight loss, dehydration, low BP
9
Q
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids is called…
A
Cushing’s Syndrome
10
Q
In males, where does LH go after it reaches the testes?
A
Leydig cells in testes
11
Q
FSH vs LH, which one rises more after 14 days?
A
LH
12
Q
Estrogen vs Progesterone, which one quickly rises after day 14 has past?
A
Progesterone is much higher, but estrogen still climbs up again
13
Q
What are the main functions of parathyroid?
A
- Stimulates osteoclast to digest bone matrix
- Enhances reabsorption of Ca++ and secretion of phosphate via kidney
- Activates Vit. D and absorbs Ca++ by intestinal mucosa
14
Q
How does parathyroid get controlled?
A
Negative feedback via Ca++
15
Q
The thymus gland produces…
A
Thymosin
16
Q
What is the adrenal cortex in charge of?
A
Secretes corticosteroids
17
Q
Which hormones are bound?
A
Steroids and thyroid hormone; they are attached to plasma proteins
18
Q
How do thyroid levels get controlled?
A
Negative feedback
19
Q
In females, where does FSH go after it reaches the ovaries?
A
Granulosa cells
20
Q
What does ghrelin do?
A
Enhances hunger sensation
21
Q
Hyperthyroidism is also known by…
A
Graves’ Disease
22
Q
How are blood levels of hormones controlled?
A
Negative feedback
23
Q
FSH vs LH, which one begins and ends which a higher level?
A
FSH
24
Q
In the regulation of male/female hormone secretion, what is released via anterior pituitary gland?
A
LH + FSH (both come from GnRH)
25
What does renin do?
Formation of angiotensin I
26
What does FSH do?
Ovaries: Stimulates growth of follicles
Testes: Stimulates sperm maturation
27
What is the purpose behind progestins in females?
Inhibits or activate LH in anterior pituitary and / or reaches target tissue
28
In males, where does FSH go after it reaches the testes?
Sertoli cells in testes
29
What is the adrenal medulla in charge of?
Nervous tissue, part of the sympathetic NS
30
What maintains glucose homeostasis? How does it maintain it?
Glucocorticoids; decrease glucose use by most cells
31
What does TSH do?
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
32
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids is called...
Addison's Disease
33
How much iodide do you need?
1mg / week
34
What hormone can overcome the feedback in thyroid levels?
Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
35
What are the corticosteroids that can be synthesized in the adrenal gland?
1. Aldosterone
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Gonadocorticoids
36
Hypothyroidism in adults is called...
Myxedema (lack of iodine)
37
What is the first step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged in follicle lumen
38
What is released from GnRH once it reaches its respective targets?
LH: Luteinizing Hormone & FSH: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
39
What does the stomach produce?
Gastrin + Ghrelin
40
What are the ways to overcome the feedback in thyroid levels?
If you're pregnant or cold
41
What does 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol do?
Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization
42
What does secretin do?
Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release HCO3- & H2O
43
What does the liver produce as a result of the growth factors? What do they do?
Insulin-like growth factors. GHRH increase, stimulate GHIH, inhibits GH
44
What else do Sertoli cells need to make sperm?
Testosterone from Leydig cells
45
What is the purpose behind androgens in females?
Feeds into granulosa cells
46
The pineal gland produces...
melatonin
47
What are the types of hormone receptors?
1. Ion Channel
2. G-Protein coupled
3. Enzyme-linked
4. Nuclear
48
What purpose do Leydig cells bring?
Produces testosterone
49
What is the sixth step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome.
50
Growth hormones indirectly affect what organ?
Liver
51
What is the relation between potassium and aldosterone?
High levels of potassium help release aldosterone
52
Excessive thyroid hormones does what to proteins?
Protein loss
53
What do Sertoli cells inhibit?
Inhibit FSH in anterior pituitary cells by producing Inhibin
54
What purpose do Sertoli cells bring?
Begins sperm production
55
How does the G-Protein coupled receptor work?
1. Binds receptor
2. Causes conformational change of receptor
3. Activates G protein
4. Activates or inactivates an enzyme or an ion channel
5. Changes level of second messenger
6. Secondary messenger: Affects cell function(s)
56
What does cholecystokinin do?
Stimulates gallbladder contraction & release of pancreatic enzymes
57
Hypothyroidism in infants is called...
Cretinism
58
How does the nuclear receptor work?
1. Diffuses into cytoplasm
2. Binds to receptor
3. Forms hormone-receptor complex
4. Enters nucleus
5. Binds to hormone response element
6. Increases or decreases synthesis of specific proteins
59
What does LH do?
Testes: Stimulates testosterone synthesis
Ovaries: Stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis
60
What is the third step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
Iodide -1 is oxidized via peroxidase to Iodine 0
61
Estrogen vs Progesterone, which one quickly rises once day 14 comes around?
Estrogen
62
What do Granulosa cells produce?
Progestin, estrogen, and inhibin
63
The adipocyte gland produces...
Leptin
64
What happens to osmoreceptors if blood solute concentration is high? And the result?
Depolarize and send signals to hypothalamic neurons. ADH is synthesized, inhibits urine, and increases blood volume
65
What disease can glucocorticoids cause?
Adrenal diabetes; increase insulin + decrease insulin sensitivitiy
66
What purpose do Theca cells bring?
Produces Androgens + Progestins
67
What does melatonin do?
Controls circadian rhythm
68
What does the kidney produce?
Renin + 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol + Erythropoietin
69
What purpose does estrogen have on females?
Inhibit or activate FSH in anterior pituitary
70
What does testosterone inhibit after it is made via Leydig cells?
Inhibits LH from anterior pituitary
71
Thyroid hormones mobilize lipids by ____ TG in plasma, ______ FA in plasma, and ______ cholesterol
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
72
In the kidneys, mineralcorticoids stimulate 3 major things. They are...
1. Sodium reabsorption
2. Potassium secretion
3. Water retention
73
What hormones are made in the anterior pituitary?
1. ACTH
2. FSH
3. Growth hormone
4. LH
5. Prolactin
6. TSH
74
What hormones are made in the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin + ADH (vasopressin)
75
Adrenal gland can be broken up into two glands and they are...
1. Adrenal medulla
| 2. Adrenal cortex
76
How does T4 turn to T3?
Via peripheral tissues
77
What are the effects of growth hormones on glucose/insulin?
Increase insulin and decrease glucose uptake
78
Iodide is transported from glandular cells into the follicle via a Cl/I antiporter called _______
Pendrin
79
How can you lower BP w/ renin and aldosterone?
Blocking renin aldosterone secretion with Atrial natriuretic peptide
80
What does erythropoietin do?
Increases erythrocyte production
81
What does the small intestine produce?
Secretin + Cholecystokinin
82
What is the second step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
Iodine is actively being transported in from capillaries through Sodium-Iodide Symporter (NIS)
83
What does ACTH do?
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones
84
Which is more potent, T3 or T4?
T3, about 10x
85
What does thymosin do?
Promotes immune functions
86
What is the fifth step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
Iodine-tyrosine complex link together to form T3 + T4
87
How does decreased BP affect the kidney?
Stimulates renin and then forms angiotension II (which is a stimulator of aldosterone)
88
What is the fourth step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?
Iodine attaches to tyrosine forming DIT + MIT
