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Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

Tapping a tendon with a reflex hammer causes a _____ in the quadricep muscles

A

stretch

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2
Q

Which of the following, when stimulated, stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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3
Q

Which nuclei of the basal ganglia communicates w/ thalamus and cerebral cortex? How does it communicate?

A

Striatum

2 opposing pathways (indirect/inhibitory and direct/excitatory)

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4
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) are dependent on brainstem and spinal cord reflexes

A

Involuntary aka reflexes

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5
Q

What are the two antagonist pathways for reticulospinal tract?

A
  1. Pontine

2. Medullary

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6
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) occur at an unconscious level

A

Involuntary aka reflexes

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7
Q

When stimulated, where does the rubrospinal tract project to?

A

Lateral spinal cord; stimulates flexor and inhibits extensor

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8
Q

What tract controls the posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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9
Q

The vestibulospinal tract controls…?

A

the function to maintain posture

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10
Q

Where would the lesion be if there was contralateral + ipsilateral muscle weakness?

A

Above the medullary pyramids

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11
Q

Which of the following direct head and eye movment toward a selected object in the visual field?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Tectospinal tract

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12
Q

Which tract functions to maintain posture?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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13
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate from?

A

Pons (reticular formation)

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14
Q

What molecule is required to communicate between the striatum and substantia nigra?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

____ fiber sends signals from golgi tendon organ to spinal cord

A

1b

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16
Q

Which of the following just maintains posture?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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17
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate from?

A

Vestibular nuclei

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18
Q

Which of the following, when stimulated, stimulates flexors and inhibits extensors?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Rubrospinal tract

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19
Q

Basal ganglia (which is part of the motor loop) begins in _____ and ends in the ______

A

cortex and cortex

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20
Q

What kind of area do the basal ganglia + cerebellum make?

A

Cortical association area

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21
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) occurs in the cortical centers

A

Voluntary

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22
Q

When stimulated, where does the vestibulospinal tract project to?

A

Ipsilateral motor neurons and interneurons; stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors

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23
Q

The tectospinal tract controls..?

A

head and eye movement

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24
Q

____ fiber sends signal from muscle spindle to spinal cord

A

1a

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25
Dopamine is inhibitory in the indirect pathway (D1/D2) receptor and excitatory ont the direct pathway (D1/D2) receptor
D2 D1
26
To maintain postural support, interneurons cross the midline and (excite/inhibit) contralateral extensors and (excite/inhibit) contralateral flexors
excite inhibit
27
What are the muscle's sensory receptors?
1. Muscle spindle | 2. Golgi tendon
28
Which of the following has two antagonist pathways? Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
29
(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) require conscious planning
Voluntary
30
Which of the following originates in the vestibular nuclei + projects to ipsilateral motor neurons/interneurons? Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
31
Flexor withdrawal reflex: _______ of flexors removes the limb from noxious stimuli
contraction
32
Which tract has two antagonist pathways (pontine + medullary)?
Reticulospinal tract
33
Voluntary movement exist in the (conscious / unconscious) level
Conscious
34
The (muscle spindle / golgi tendon) sends information to the spinal cord and brain about the tension or rate of change of the tension in the muscle
golgi tendon
35
What info does the muscle spindle send to the spinal cord / brain?
Length of muscle or rate of change of the length of muscle
36
What info does the golgi tendon send to the spinal cord / brain?
Tension or rate of change of the tension of muscle
37
The knee jerk reflex is a (monosynaptic / polysynaptic) reflex
monosynaptic
38
When stimulated, where does the reticulospinal tract project to?
Ventromedial spinal cord
39
If there was a lesion above the medullary pyramids, what would happen?
Contralateral and ipsilateral muscle weakness
40
Vestibulocerebellum is best defined as: A. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity. B. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex. C. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
41
What are the 4 nuclei involved in the basal ganglia?
1. Striatum 2. Globus pallidus 3. Subthalamic nucleus 4. Substantia nigra
42
What two kinds of neurons receive information from the spinal cord to innervate muscle movement?
Alpha + Gamma motor neuron
43
Reticulospinal tract controls...?
Posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb
44
Rubrospinal tract controls...?
walking movement
45
Cerebrocerebellum is best defined as: A. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity. B. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex. C. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.
46
Which of the following controls posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb? Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
47
Where does the tectospinal tract originate from?
Superior colliculus of midbrain
48
Where do the rubrospinal tracts originate from?
Red nucleus of the midbrain (brain stem)
49
Which of the following originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain + projects to the interneurons in the lateral spinal cord? Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
50
What is the precursor for dopamine & carbidopa?
Levodopa
51
What are some symptoms involved in parkinson's disease?
1. Rigidity 2. Tremor 3. Reduced voluntary movement
52
What tract controls walking movement?
Rubrospinal tract
53
The alpha motor neuron synapses where?
Motor end plate
54
Which of the following controls walking movement? Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
55
Where would the lesion be if there was only ipsilateral muscle weakness?
Below the medullary pyramids
56
Involuntary (or reflexes) movement is dependent on what?
Brainstem + spinal cord reflexes
57
Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems A. Cerebrocerebellum B. Vestibulocerebellum C. Spinocerebellum
B. Vestibulocerebellum
58
Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex. A. Vestibulocerebellum B. Spinocerebellum C. Cerebrocerebellum
C. Cerebrocerebellum
59
Flexor withdrawal reflex: _________ inhibition suppresses contraction of the extensors of the affected limb
reciprocal
60
Flexor withdrawal reflex: _______ pain fibers enter the dorsal root and send collaterals to several spinal segments
afferent
61
Involuntary movement exist in the (conscious / unconscious) level
Unconscious
62
Which of the following sends projections to the ventromedial spinal cord? Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
63
The (muscle spindle / golgi tendon) sends information to the spinal cord and brain about the length of the muscle or rate of change of the length of the muscle
Muscle spindle
64
Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity. A. Spinocerebellum B. Cerebrocerebellum C. Vestibulocerebellum
A. Spinocerebellum
65
Which tract controls head and eye movement?
Tectospinal tract
66
Flexor withdrawal reflex: Excitatory interneurons synapse w/ _____ motor neurons serving flexors are stimulated
alpha
67
Flexor withdrawal reflex: ____ receptors are activated at the site of stimulation
pain
68
Which of the following originates in the pons (reticular formation) Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
69
Damage to the cerebellum leads to _____ and it is....
ataxia movement is inaccurate + poorly coordinated
70
Spinocerebellum is best defined as: A. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex. B. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems C. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
71
If there was a lesion below the medullary pyramids, what would happen?
Only ipsilateral muscle weakness
72
Dopamine is (excitatory/inhibitory) in the (direct/indirect) pathway aka D2 + (excitatory/inhibitory) in the (direct/indirect) pathway aka D1
inhibitory + indirect excitatory + direct
73
Who makes up the cortical association area?
Basal ganglia + cerebellum

Physiology (24 decks)

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