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Physiology > Motor control > Flashcards

Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

Tapping a tendon with a reflex hammer causes a _____ in the quadricep muscles

A

stretch

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2
Q

Which of the following, when stimulated, stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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3
Q

Which nuclei of the basal ganglia communicates w/ thalamus and cerebral cortex? How does it communicate?

A

Striatum

2 opposing pathways (indirect/inhibitory and direct/excitatory)

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4
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) are dependent on brainstem and spinal cord reflexes

A

Involuntary aka reflexes

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5
Q

What are the two antagonist pathways for reticulospinal tract?

A
  1. Pontine

2. Medullary

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6
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) occur at an unconscious level

A

Involuntary aka reflexes

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7
Q

When stimulated, where does the rubrospinal tract project to?

A

Lateral spinal cord; stimulates flexor and inhibits extensor

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8
Q

What tract controls the posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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9
Q

The vestibulospinal tract controls…?

A

the function to maintain posture

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10
Q

Where would the lesion be if there was contralateral + ipsilateral muscle weakness?

A

Above the medullary pyramids

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11
Q

Which of the following direct head and eye movment toward a selected object in the visual field?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Tectospinal tract

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12
Q

Which tract functions to maintain posture?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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13
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate from?

A

Pons (reticular formation)

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14
Q

What molecule is required to communicate between the striatum and substantia nigra?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

____ fiber sends signals from golgi tendon organ to spinal cord

A

1b

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16
Q

Which of the following just maintains posture?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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17
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate from?

A

Vestibular nuclei

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18
Q

Which of the following, when stimulated, stimulates flexors and inhibits extensors?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Rubrospinal tract

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19
Q

Basal ganglia (which is part of the motor loop) begins in _____ and ends in the ______

A

cortex and cortex

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20
Q

What kind of area do the basal ganglia + cerebellum make?

A

Cortical association area

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21
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) occurs in the cortical centers

A

Voluntary

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22
Q

When stimulated, where does the vestibulospinal tract project to?

A

Ipsilateral motor neurons and interneurons; stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors

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23
Q

The tectospinal tract controls..?

A

head and eye movement

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24
Q

____ fiber sends signal from muscle spindle to spinal cord

A

1a

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25
Q

Dopamine is inhibitory in the indirect pathway (D1/D2) receptor and excitatory ont the direct pathway (D1/D2) receptor

A

D2

D1

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26
Q

To maintain postural support, interneurons cross the midline and (excite/inhibit) contralateral extensors and (excite/inhibit) contralateral flexors

A

excite

inhibit

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27
Q

What are the muscle’s sensory receptors?

A
  1. Muscle spindle

2. Golgi tendon

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28
Q

Which of the following has two antagonist pathways?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Reticulospinal tract

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29
Q

(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) require conscious planning

A

Voluntary

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30
Q

Which of the following originates in the vestibular nuclei + projects to ipsilateral motor neurons/interneurons?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Vestibulospinal tract

31
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex:

_______ of flexors removes the limb from noxious stimuli

A

contraction

32
Q

Which tract has two antagonist pathways (pontine + medullary)?

A

Reticulospinal tract

33
Q

Voluntary movement exist in the (conscious / unconscious) level

A

Conscious

34
Q

The (muscle spindle / golgi tendon) sends information to the spinal cord and brain about the tension or rate of change of the tension in the muscle

A

golgi tendon

35
Q

What info does the muscle spindle send to the spinal cord / brain?

A

Length of muscle or rate of change of the length of muscle

36
Q

What info does the golgi tendon send to the spinal cord / brain?

A

Tension or rate of change of the tension of muscle

37
Q

The knee jerk reflex is a (monosynaptic / polysynaptic) reflex

A

monosynaptic

38
Q

When stimulated, where does the reticulospinal tract project to?

A

Ventromedial spinal cord

39
Q

If there was a lesion above the medullary pyramids, what would happen?

A

Contralateral and ipsilateral muscle weakness

40
Q

Vestibulocerebellum is best defined as:

A. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.

B. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.

C. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems

A

Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems

41
Q

What are the 4 nuclei involved in the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Striatum
  2. Globus pallidus
  3. Subthalamic nucleus
  4. Substantia nigra
42
Q

What two kinds of neurons receive information from the spinal cord to innervate muscle movement?

A

Alpha + Gamma motor neuron

43
Q

Reticulospinal tract controls…?

A

Posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb

44
Q

Rubrospinal tract controls…?

A

walking movement

45
Q

Cerebrocerebellum is best defined as:

A. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.

B. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.

C. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems

A

Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.

46
Q

Which of the following controls posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Reticulospinal tract

47
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate from?

A

Superior colliculus of midbrain

48
Q

Where do the rubrospinal tracts originate from?

A

Red nucleus of the midbrain (brain stem)

49
Q

Which of the following originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain + projects to the interneurons in the lateral spinal cord?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Rubrospinal tract

50
Q

What is the precursor for dopamine & carbidopa?

A

Levodopa

51
Q

What are some symptoms involved in parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. Rigidity
  2. Tremor
  3. Reduced voluntary movement
52
Q

What tract controls walking movement?

A

Rubrospinal tract

53
Q

The alpha motor neuron synapses where?

A

Motor end plate

54
Q

Which of the following controls walking movement?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Rubrospinal tract

55
Q

Where would the lesion be if there was only ipsilateral muscle weakness?

A

Below the medullary pyramids

56
Q

Involuntary (or reflexes) movement is dependent on what?

A

Brainstem + spinal cord reflexes

57
Q

Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems

A. Cerebrocerebellum
B. Vestibulocerebellum
C. Spinocerebellum

A

B. Vestibulocerebellum

58
Q

Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.

A. Vestibulocerebellum
B. Spinocerebellum
C. Cerebrocerebellum

A

C. Cerebrocerebellum

59
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex:

_________ inhibition suppresses contraction of the extensors of the affected limb

A

reciprocal

60
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex:

_______ pain fibers enter the dorsal root and send collaterals to several spinal segments

A

afferent

61
Q

Involuntary movement exist in the (conscious / unconscious) level

A

Unconscious

62
Q

Which of the following sends projections to the ventromedial spinal cord?

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Reticulospinal tract

63
Q

The (muscle spindle / golgi tendon) sends information to the spinal cord and brain about the length of the muscle or rate of change of the length of the muscle

A

Muscle spindle

64
Q

Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.

A. Spinocerebellum
B. Cerebrocerebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum

A

A. Spinocerebellum

65
Q

Which tract controls head and eye movement?

A

Tectospinal tract

66
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex:

Excitatory interneurons synapse w/ _____ motor neurons serving flexors are stimulated

A

alpha

67
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex:

____ receptors are activated at the site of stimulation

A

pain

68
Q

Which of the following originates in the pons (reticular formation)

Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract

A

Reticulospinal tract

69
Q

Damage to the cerebellum leads to _____ and it is….

A

ataxia

movement is inaccurate + poorly coordinated

70
Q

Spinocerebellum is best defined as:

A. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.

B. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems

C. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.

A

Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.

71
Q

If there was a lesion below the medullary pyramids, what would happen?

A

Only ipsilateral muscle weakness

72
Q

Dopamine is (excitatory/inhibitory) in the (direct/indirect) pathway aka D2 + (excitatory/inhibitory) in the (direct/indirect) pathway aka D1

A

inhibitory + indirect

excitatory + direct

73
Q

Who makes up the cortical association area?

A

Basal ganglia + cerebellum

Physiology (24 decks)

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