Bio Semester 2 Final

Question 0

Splicing

Answer 0

The removal of introns and the making of all the Exons together.

Question 1

Exons

Answer 1

Good RNA that is out together and codes for proteins.

Question 2

Translation

Answer 2

Nucleus acid code to AA code

Question 3

Codon

Answer 3

mRNA code

Question 4

Anticodon

Answer 4

tRNA code

Question 5

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 5

Uses charge and size to separate and sort DNA segments. The higher the charge the smaller the size. Smaller DNA fragments with move farther. And then we can separate them by size.

Question 6

Restriction enzymes

Answer 6

Cuts out part of DNA from plasmid
Use ligase to glue that DNA into another plasmid
Starts making proteins with new DNA

Question 7

Uracil

Answer 7

Is used instead of thymine for tRNA only.

Question 8

Deoxyribose

Answer 8

Make up DNA

Question 9

Purine

Answer 9

Two fused rings

Adenine and guanine

Question 10

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 10

Put DNA polymerase with nucleotides and heat. They make more DNA which is the point of the experiment.

Question 11

Pyrimidines

Answer 11

Single fused ring
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

Only changing one gene within a chromosome

Question 13

Ribose

Answer 13

Makes up RNA

Question 14

Gene cloning

Answer 14

Take plasmid out of bacteria
Our in another so it can absorb DNA.
Put plasmid back in other bacteria

Question 15

What is in a nucleotide?

Answer 15

Base pair
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose

Question 16

Introns

Answer 16

Bad RNA that is removed

Question 17

What are the 3 parts of interphase and what do they do?

Answer 17

G1 - cell grows and does its thing
S or synthesis - DNA duplicates
G2 - DNA is loose chromatin but ready to go

Question 18

Somatic cells

Answer 18

Body cells and they are diploid

Question 19

Prophase

Answer 19

Chromatin condenses and can be seen by microscope. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers start to form and attach themselves to kinetochore.

Question 20

Differences between meiosis and mitosis

Answer 20

Mitosis ends up with 2 complete set of chromosomes, one per cell. However, in meiosis, those homologous chromosomes split again to separate daughter cells.

Question 21

Spindle fibers

Answer 21

Made of microtubules. They connect at the kinetochore to the to poles of the cell

Question 22

Centrioles

Answer 22

Specialized structures that we don’t know what they do exactly. Something with the production of spindle fibers.

Question 23

What is mitosis?

Answer 23

The duplicating and movement of chromosomes to the opposite sides of a cell, ultimately forming 2 daughter nuclei.

Question 24

Centrosomes

Answer 24

Two poles of the cell. Spindle fibers grow from these.

Question 25

DNA and what is its real name

Answer 25

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid | Holds genetic info that runs and makes the cell

Question 26

Prophase (meiosis 2)

Answer 26

Two chromatids become visible in each cell

Question 27

Sister chromatids

Answer 27

Two chromatids attached at a centromere. When they split they form daughter chromosomes.

Question 28

Telophase (mitosis)

Answer 28

Chromosomes reach the poles. Spindles disappear. Nuclear envelope reforms. Chromosomes uncoil and the nuclei reforms.

Question 29

Prophase (meiosis 1)

Answer 29

Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. Tetrads are formed which is four chromatids. Then they undergo crossing over which gives part of each chromosome to the other.

Question 30

Haploid

Answer 30

One set of each chromosome

Question 31

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

Answer 31

``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/Cytokenesis ```

Question 32

Metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis (meiosis 2)

Answer 32

Same as meiosis 1. Then cells split making 4 new haploid cells.

Question 33

Centromere

Answer 33

Place where two sister chromatids join. Holds the kinetochore.

Question 34

Chromatin

Answer 34

A combination of DNA and protein molecules. Mass of long fibers. Most common form of DNA.

Question 35

Chromatid

Answer 35

One half of a duplicated chromosome.

Question 36

Interphase

Answer 36

3 main parts - G1 - Cell growth - S phase - DNA replication - G2 - Preparation - M phase - contains prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Question 37

Chromosome

Answer 37

Compact tightly coiled form of chromatin. DNA is not being read but ready for shipping.

Question 38

Metaphase (mitosis)

Answer 38

2nd phase. Spindle fibers move chromosomes to middle of cell.

Question 39

Diploid

Answer 39

Two sets of each chromosome.

Question 40

Cytokinesis

Answer 40

The splitting of the cytoplasm in two. Happens with telophase.

Question 41

Telophase and cytokinesis (meiosis 1)

Answer 41

Cell splits

Question 42

Anaphase (mitosis)

Answer 42

Sister chromatids separate and make daughter chromosomes.

Question 43

Kinetochore

Answer 43

Protein in the centromere that links the centromere to the microtubules that will later transport the chromosome to the opposite ones of the cell.

Question 44

Metaphase and anaphase (meiosis 1)

Answer 44

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across center of cell. Then the spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome toward opposite sides of the cell.