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Biology Final Flashcards

This deck was created by combining two or more decks (113 cards)

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0
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Uses lenses to focus light on a specimen

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1
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The force caused by the net movement of water in osmosis

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2
Q

phospholipid

A

A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids; consists of a hydrophilic polar head and two non-polar hydrophobic tails; forms cell membranes.

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3
Q

Aquaporins

A

Water channel proteins that allow water to pass through the cell membranes

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4
Q

vacuole

A

storage area for a cell (often holds food and water)

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5
Q

hypertonic solution

A

in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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7
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

creates energy for the cell (ATP) during respiration

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9
Q

cell wall

A

rigid layer of a plant cell to provide protection and support

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10
Q

golgi body

A

packages and ships materials throughout the cell

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11
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

“highway” in a cell to transport materials

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12
Q

lysosome

A

organelle that breaks down waste for the cell

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13
Q

endocytosis

A

The process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells

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14
Q

chromatin

A

string-like state of chromosomes (contains DNA)

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15
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment in the chloroplast that makes the plant green and absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

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16
Q

hydrophobic

A

repelled by water

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17
Q

Robby Hooke

A

Looked at dead bark

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18
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made out of cells

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19
Q

organelle

A

a tiny structure that carries out a specific function for a cell

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20
Q

active transport

A

energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient

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21
Q

What is the difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic - lacks a nucleus and most other membrane bound organelles, smaller, survive in extreme situations (salt, thermal ocean depths)
Eukaryotic - has a nucleus and other bound membranes, have organelles, have a cytoskeleton

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22
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophiobic?

A

Tail

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23
Q

cytoplasm

A

jellylike fluid that holds organelles in place

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24
pinocytosis
cell drinking
25
nucleolus
central region in the nucleus -- makes ribosomes
26
Retrograde transport
The recycling of enzymes after they have carried the protein to their designated place. They return to the Golgi.
27
Micrograph
Picture or drawing of the field of view
28
What are membranes made out of?
Phospholipids and port
29
Nuclear pores
Small holes that stuff comes in and out of
30
nuclear membrane
controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
31
cell membrane
thin layer that controls what goes in and out of a cell
32
Transition electron microscope
Uses beams if electrons to examine thin slices of material | 2 - D images
33
isotonic solution
in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell
34
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Looked in water and described things inside as microanimals
35
hypotonic solution
in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell
36
nucleus
control center of the cell -- contains genetic material
37
equillibrium
a condition in which molecules are spread evenly(equally)
38
chloroplast
organelle in a plant cell that uses the sun's energy to make sugar
39
hydrophilic
attracts water molecules
40
What are the three things that membranes do?
Keeps cells organized
41
What is the function of proteins in a membrane?
To carry out chemical reactions Pick up chemical signals Transport substances across
42
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
43
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
44
ribosome
creates proteins for the cell
45
lipid bilayer
a thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules
46
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
47
passive transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
48
Light microscope
Uses beams of electrons to view the surface of a specimen | Provides 3-D images
49
facilitated diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins
50
exocytosis
active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell
51
diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
52
Anion
Negative ion
53
Neutron
To find the amount of neutrons you do this: Atomic mass - protons No charge
54
Radioactive Isotopes
- Can track it - medical purposes - carbon dating - Carbon 12, 13 and 14 are radioactive
55
Johannes Brønsted
Danish scientist | Somehow had to do with the armenhuis theory
56
How does buffers have the ability to moderate pH?
The replacements of string acids and bases for weaker ones
57
Isotopes
At atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
58
Where are acids found on the pH scale?
0-6
59
Ionization
The amount of energy required to make an electron leave it's atom
60
Octet rule
Every atoms outer shell must be full 8 valance electrons is a full outer shell An atom is happy with a full outer shell or a neutral charge
61
Electrons
``` Negative charge Opposites attract (with protons) ```
62
How does an acid become a conjugate base?
When it lose a hydrogen ion
63
Atoms
Building blocks of matter Proton- positive charge (+) Electron- negative charge (-) Neutron- no charge
64
Bohr diagram
The one with the circle and the dots around it's shells
65
Rules for writing molecular formulas
Cations go first No big numbers in middle Charge=superscript Quantity of ions is written as subscript
66
Protons
Packed with neutrons in nucleus | Make up most of the atoms mass
67
Covalent bond
When atoms share electrons
68
Balancing equations
Reactions on left and products on right
69
Robert Boyle
An amateur chemist who first labeled substances as either acids or bases
70
Ionic bond
When an atom gives an el
71
Buffer
A mixture of a weak acid an it's conjugate base or weak base and it's conjugate acid
72
Weight
The pull of gravity
73
Cation
A positive ion
74
Chemical Formulas
Make sure to remember parentheses in between different molecules ---> Cl(Na)
75
What Is neutral on the pH scale and what substance is neutral?
7 - water
76
Matter
Anything made of atoms and molecules - anything that has mass (all of the stuff in our universe)
77
Van der Waal force
Proximity bond or when two atoms stick together without bonding electrons
78
How is the acidity or basicity of something measured?
pH scale
79
What happens to acids when they are placed in water?
It dissolves and releases a hydrogen ion.
80
Mass
The quantity of matter an object has. Like the volume of mass of an object
81
Lewis structure
The one where you draw the dots around the atoms symbol (letter)
82
Atomic number
Protons + electrons | All atoms with same atomic number will behave the same
83
Element
Pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substance
84
Atomic number
Protons + electrons | All atoms with same atomic number will behave the same
85
Valance electrons
An electron in the outer most shell of an atom
86
Alkalies
A word used to classify bases
87
Why happens to bases when they are place into water?
They dissolve and release hydroxide ions
88
What happens when you mix an acid and a base together?
They make water because the H+ ions from the acid combines with the H- ions from the bases
89
Where are bases found on the pH scale?
8-14
90
Compound
A substance containing two or more elements
91
Carbon 12, 13 and 14
Carbon 12 - 6 protons and 6 neutrons Carbon 13 - isotope because neutrons change - 6 protons but 7 neutrons 6 + 7 = 13 (carbon 13) Carbon 14 - also an isotope - 6 protons + 8 neutrons
92
Acid
A compound that releases hydrogen ions
93
Dissolve
Separating them into individual ions
94
Qualitative
Description of something
95
Quantitative
Measurement or describing with numbers
96
What 5 things are part of the scientific method?
``` Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Test ```
97
Independent variable
The condition that is altered by the scientist
98
Dependent variable
Changes because of the alteration of the independent variable
99
Who was Francisco Redi?
An Italian physician who was the 1st public doubter of spontaneous generation
100
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions that take place
101
Stimuli
Change with an organism or in its external environment
102
Homeostasis
Keeping an internal constant. Maintaining stable internal condition.
103
What are the two main goals in science?
Provide natural explanations for events in the natural world And then to use those explanations to understand patterns in nature and to make useful predictions about natural events.
104
Through what mindsets are ideas generated by?
Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, creativity
105
Cohesion
The attraction between molecules of the same substance
106
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
107
Polar molecule
A molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed.
108
Mixture
Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined.
109
Suspensions
Undissolved material
110
Nucleic acids
Made of nucleotides.
111
Nucleotides
Make up Nucleic acids. Play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy.
112
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.

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