BIO141 Exam 3 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What 2 things are is blood msotly made of?
A
Plasma and Red Blood Cells
2
Q
What kind of structure do red blood cells have and what does this do
A
they are bi concave and add surface area
3
Q
why are red blood cells slightly flexible
A
to enter capillaries
4
Q
do rbcs have organelles?
A
no
5
Q
lifespane of RBCs
A
120 days
6
Q
another name for RBCs
A
erthyroctyes
7
Q
what makes an RBC red
A
hemoglobin
8
Q
what is heme
A
pigment
9
Q
what molecule does heme have on it and what does it do
A
Fe atom that holds Ocygen
10
Q
color and name of high oxygen blood
A
bright red oxyhemoglobin
11
Q
color and name of low oxygen blood
A
dark red deoxyhemoglobin
12
Q
how many protein chains are in hemoglobin and what kinds are they
A
4
2 alpha
2 beta
13
Q
how many hemes are in each protein chain of a hemoglobin
A
1
14
Q
2 things to cause anemia
A
low hemoglobin or low functioning RBCs
15
Q
name 3 symptoms of anemia
A
lethargy
weakness
tiredness
16
Q
how does blood loss anemia occur
A
RBCs are lost due to hemmorage
17
Q
NSAIDs
A
non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
18
Q
what drug can cause stomach and gi bleeding
A
aspirin
19
Q
most common form of anemia and what happens
A
iron deficiency anemia
not enough iron to make heme which carries o2
20
Q
pernicious anemia and what is causes
A
low B12 causes low RBC production
21
Q
describe what happens with sickle cell
A
mutation in one amino acid of beta chain in hemoglobin causes mutation. RBCs become fragile and rigid and stick together
22
Q
RBC production
A
erythropoesis
23
Q
what 2 hormones stimulate erythropoesis
A
peptide hormone erythropoetin
androgens - testorterone
24
Q
what stimulates EPO
A
low oxygen in blood
25
which gender has more RBC
Men
26
where are RBCs made?
bone marrow
27
Where are the o2 sensors for blood
kidneys
28
what is the major problem with blood doping
in increases the viscosity of blood with more RBCs and makes it harder to pump
29
hemostasis
the process of stopping blood or bleeding
30
what is released during the vascular phase and what does it do?
endothelial which constricts smooth muscle to slow blood flow
31
what occurs during platelet phase?
plateletes release chemicals causing sticking and agregating near endothelian surfaces
32
what two things are needed during the coagulation phase and what do they create
Ca and vitamin k that produce fibrin
33
what are the three hemostasis phases in order
vascular
platelet
coagulation
34
fucntion of conducting system
to bring air from outside deep into lungs
35
3 functions of nose and nasal cavaity
clean, warm, and humidify air
36
function of the pharnyx
same as the nasal cavaity
37
function of larnyx and cooquial
the adam's apple keeps food and water out oflugs
38
function of trachea
moving and cleaning air toward lungs with cilia
39
name parts of the bronchi tree
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiaty bronchi
bronchilkoes
40
terminal bronchioles
respitory bronchioles
41
where does gas exchange occur
across the membrnaes of the alveoli
42
respitory membrne
where the alveoli meet capillaries and gas exchange occurs
43
function of surfactant
keeps alveoli walls from connecting and collapsing by lowering water molecule attraction
44
what occurs when a baby is born before alveoli start producing surfactant
infant respitory distress syndrome
45
what kind of bonds does surfactant interfere with
hydrogen bonds
46
pressure within the lungs
intrapulmonary pressure
47
boyle's law
as volume increases, pressure decreases
48
do the lungs contain muscle tissue
NO
49
connective tissue lining the lungs
visceral pleura
50
connective tissue lining the inside of your chest
pareital pleura
51
what causes the visceral and pertial plera to connect
pleural fluid
52
what do you do when the diaphragm contracts
inhale
53
where is the respitory control center located
medulla oblongota and pons
54
what do proprioreceptors in your joints do?
get action potentials sent from resp control center to increase rate of breathing EVEN BEFORE ocygen is depleted
55
what three things do chemoreceptors monitor and which 2 are the most iportant
oxygen, c02, and hydrogen
c02 and hydrogen are the most important
56
what happens when carbon dioxide mixes with water
carbonic acid is created
57
carbonic acid
h2co3
58
beside carbonic acid, what could water and c02 turn into
one molecule of bicarbonate and on ehydrogen ion
59
bicarbonate
hc03
60
what causes hypercapnia
c02 concentration in bloood is too high
61
what happens when their is too much c02 in the blood
the carbonic acid equation runs to the right, resulting in more hydrogen and making the blood too acidic
respitory acidosis
62
hypocapnia
c02 concentrations in blood are too low
63
what happens when their is too little c02 in the blood
the carbonic equations runs to the left resulting in too little hydrogen and the blood becoming more alkaline
respitoary alkalosis
64
where are the most important hydrogen sensors located?
the cerebral spnial fluid
65
how does the medulla oblongata react to high c02 in the CSF
by sending more action potentials to increase breathing rate
66
partial pressure
amount of pressure exerted by one gas
67
what is the dirving force moving blood through capillaries ?
gases moving down their concentration gradients
68
does the balancing of the carbonic equation require ATP
NO!
69
what systekm does the lymphatic system parallel
the circulatory system
70
what are the 2 parts of the lymphatic system?
organs and tissues that produce and maintain immune cells
71
name the 6 tpyes of tissues involved in lympathic system
```
lymph nodes
lymph vessels
spleen
thymus
tonsils
bone marrow
```
72
how much blood will leak into lymphatic systems?
about 20%
73
interstatial fluid and importancer?
`basically blood and it flows through lymphs
74
leukocyte
white blood cells
75
edema
swelling
76
fluid, cells, and debris within lymph
lymph fluid
77
name three functions of the lymph
ambush pathogens with leukocytes
filter lymph
trigger other areas of immune system
78
elephantasis
a parasite inbfects lymph vessels and prevents reabsorption
79
name the 2 specificn types of the immune system
cell mediated resistance
| antibody mediated resistance
80
name 2 important specific cells
b and t cells
81
name 2 lymphocyctes
b and t cells
82
all cytes, phils beside lymphocytes are what?
non specific
83
name 2 types of external barriers
chemical and physical bariers
84
what kind of resistance t cells
cell mediated
85
what kind of resisitance b cells
antibody mediated
86
what kind of non specific cells are important for specific immunity
phagocytes
87
what chemical is produced in relation to immunological survelliance
perforin
88
what triggers the complement system
when antibodies are attached to antigens
89
what does the complement system do
creates pores in antigens that result in a swell explosion
90
hyperemia
increased blood flow
91
what does bradykinin do
causes pain
92
what do pyrogens do and what are they released by
they raise body temp and are released by macrophages
93
antigen
anything that your immune system identifies as foriegn
94
what else does hyperemia increase aside from body temperature
metabolic rate of cells
95
what do the liver and spleen do during a fever?
hoard iron and zinc
96
what is the first of the 2 keys involved in a specific immune response
the docking of the marcophage onto the t cell for costimulation
97
what is the second part of the 2 key system involved in an immune response
the release of cytokines
98
what happens when both keys are activated
the new t cell begins mitosis
99
what is the difference between mhc1 and mhc2
mhc1 proteins put an antigen on its membrane that says kill me where mhc2 proteins show the cell and make it FIND AND DESTROY
100
how do you activate cytotoxic t cells
an inactive infected t cell must get with an inactive memory t cell
101
what are the 2 steps to b cell activation
an antigen must bind to an MHC2 complex on the b cell antibody
the b cell must then combine with a helper t cell for costimulation
102
agglutination
antibodies stick multiple antigens together so they cannot be transported throughout body
103
where does specific resposne occur
the lymph nodes
104
active immunity
when both memory b and memory b cells are ready to fight
105
passive immunity
when you receive somebody elses antibodies
106
what is the difference between an antigen and a pathogen
an antigen is like a toxin that could be given off by a pathogen
107
what specifically do antibodies kill
antigens
108
what happens when a b cell binds to an antigen
it turns into plasma that secrets antibodies
109
what is salivary amylase
an enzyme released by your salivary glands that begins to break down carbs into glucose
110
name 4 parts of the saliva
water
mucous
salivary emylase
lingual lipase
111
lingual lipase
not activated until it hits the acid rich stomach
112
muscle contractions in the esophogas
peristalis
113
a mixture of food and gastric secretions
chyme
114
name 3 parts of gastric secretions
mucus
hcl
pepsinogen
115
what doe shcl in the stomach do
begins to unravel proteins and moves pepsinogen to pepsin DENATURE
116
what does pepsin do
it unravels amino acid chains
117
ring of muscle at the top of the stomach
cardiac sphincter
118
what is the hormone released by the stomach
gastrin
119
what regulates food going from the stomach into the small intestines
the pyloric sphincter
