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Bio141 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 functions of Renal physiology

A

waste excretion

regulation of blood volume and solute concentration

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2
Q

in what 3 ways does the kideny regulatethe blood

A

water balance
salt balance
ph levels

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3
Q

how many kidneys are there

A

2

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4
Q

name the 3 parts of the urinary tract

A

ureters
urethra
bladder

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5
Q

describe the 4 stages of blood to urine

A

blood
filtrate
tubular fluid
urine

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6
Q

about how much blood is filtered and where is it done?

A

25% of cardiac output in the glomerulus

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7
Q

what is the function of the renal tubule

A

reabsorbs nutrients and adjusts water lvevels and ph

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8
Q

what drives blood throughthe capillaries

A

blood pressure

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9
Q

what 3 things get reabsorbed in the proximal convaluted tubule

A

nutrients, waste, h2o

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10
Q

filtrate

A

fluid after exiting blood into glomerulus

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11
Q

through what arterials does the blood enter and exit

A

it enters via the afferent

it exits via the efferent

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12
Q

what does it mean by saying the capillaries in the glomerulus are fenestrated

A

they are semipermeable

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13
Q

name 2 things that cannot leave blood to enter the glomerular capsule

A

RBCs and proteins

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14
Q

where is the majority of filtrate reabsorbed asnd about how much

A

60% in the pct

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15
Q

glomular filtration rate and average per dat

A

125ml/min and 180l a day

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16
Q

how are things reabsorbed in the pct?

A

ion gradients and protein transporters

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17
Q

describe the descending seciton of the loop of henle

A

it is thin and permeable to only water

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18
Q

describe the ascending section of the oloop oh henle

A

it is thick and permeable only to solutes like na and cl

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19
Q

how are ions pulled out of the ascending loop

A

active transport

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20
Q

what controls the action of the active transport proteins in the ascending loop

A

hormones that can be released in greater amounts if dehydrated

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21
Q

what is meant by countercurrent multiplication

A

water following salt through the loop of henle

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons

A

cortical

jextamedullary

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23
Q

name the 2 supporting tubules

A

vasa recta

peritubular

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24
Q

which is the normal supporting tubules that are found in both types of nephrons

A

peritubular

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25
what is the purpose of the vasa recta capillaries
they are specialized to concentrate filtrate
26
where are the peritubular capillaries found
around convoluted tubules
27
where are the vasa recta capillaries found
around the loop of henle
28
what 2 hormones are associated witht he distal convoluted tubule nd what do they do
1. aldesterone stimulates Na reabsorpotion | 2. antidiuretic hormone stimulates water absorption
29
what does adh do?
keeps the minimum amount of water in the remaining filtrate without dehydrating the body
30
what releases adh
hypothalamus
31
how does adh work to rehydrate you
it inserts aqaporins into the collecting duct
32
if you are breathing too slowly and have acidosis and too many h ions, where are they dumped?
in the dct
33
what is the ureter
the muscular tube that connects the bladder and kidney
34
how much water can the bladder hold?
1l maximum
35
urethra and voluntary or involuntary?
connects bladder to exterior and controlled by both
36
where are gametes produced
the gonads
37
what is the male gonad and hormone
testes and androgen
38
where does sperm production occur
seminifeorous tubules
39
what else occurs in the seminiferous tubules
sperm maturation
40
how long does it take for sperm to grow and mature
2-3 months
41
where are sperm formed and what gives them androgens
in the wall of the duct and interstitial cels give them androgen
42
haploid
23 chromosomes
43
name 4 parts of sperm maturation
acrosome forms flagellum produced mitochondria around flagellum cytoplasm lost
44
2 parts of spermiation
release from sertolli cells | free to swim baby
45
where does sperm go after the testis and what happens there
the epididymis and learns to swim
46
where does sperm go after the epididymis
the vas deferens
47
what is the expansion at the end of the vas deferens and what is it used for
the ampulla is used for sperm storage
48
what are the three parts of the urethra in a male
prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra
49
where is precum produced
the bulbouurethral glands
50
what are the 3 parts of semen
sperm seminal vesicles prostate gland stuff
51
seminal vesicle fluid
thick yellow and nhutrient rich
52
prostate gland fluid
thin milky and good for siwmming
53
is precum semen
NO
54
gnrh
gonadotropin relasing hormone
55
what releases GNRH and where does it go
the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
56
what are the two gonadotropins that can be released by the pituitary gland
folicle stimulating hormone | leutinizing hormone
57
endocrine organs
gonads
58
what is the only thing inhibin blocks
follicle stimulating hormone
59
what turns off GNRH and where are the recptors
receptors in the hypothalamus and pit gland
60
what 2 cells does leutenizing hormone affect
nurse and interstatial
61
what does leutenizing hormone do in the nurse cells
allows testosterone to work via androgren binding proteins
62
what creates the inhibin that slows the pituitary gland
the nurse cells
63
scrotum
ball sack
64
what 2 muscles cover the scrotum
the dartos and cremaster
65
when does the dartos contract
temperature
66
when does the cremaster contract
excitement fear arousal
67
3 internal parts of le penis
2 corpus cavernsom | 1 corpus spongiusum around urethra
68
is it possible to experiecne ajaculation seperate from an orgasm
yes
69
4 phases of the male orgasm
excitement plateau orgasm resolution
70
by what system is erection controlled
the parasympathetic cause you needa be relaxed
71
what causes dilation of blood vessels in the penis
nitros oxide
72
during what stage is precum released
plateau
73
what are the 2 stages of an orgasm
emission and expulsion
74
name 2 parts of the emission stage and by what system
the sympathetic system causes semen to enter urethral bulb | and oxytocin is released
75
what controls the expulsion stage and is it voluntary
the somatic system and yes!
76
name 2 parts of the uterine tube
oviduct and the fallopian tube
77
what is the male equivalent of labia majora
scrotum
78
what is the male equivalent to the labia minora
penis shaft
79
male equivalent of clitorus
prepuce
80
vaginal lubricant
vaginal transudate
81
how long is the pregnancy window and where doe sit start
2-3 days | uterine tubes
82
what is the female strands that help guide sperm
musin
83
from which cells does the placenta form and after what
after the zygote plants into the uterine wall cells from mom and baby make placenta
84
how is polyspermy prevented
once the sperm has docked depolarization occurs making docking proteins inactive and flushing away other sperm
85
what is theball of cells that travels to uterus
molucula
86
who produces hcg and what does it do
the cells of the baby to stop menstration
87
what do pregnancy tests check for
human chroionic gonadotropin
88
when does the placenta form and whos job does it take
the third month takes HCG jobs -estrogen -progestorone
89
what is the difference between an embryo and a fetus
all organs are in place in fetus
90
what are the follicle cells and what do they do
support cells for the oocyte that release hormones
91
3 parts of uterine wall from inside to outside
endometrium metrium perimetrium

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