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College! > Geog361 Final > Flashcards

Geog361 Final Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

name 4 bivariate quantitative visual variables

A

size
lightness
spacing
saturation

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2
Q

name 4 bivariate qualitative visual variables

A

hue
shape
orientation
arrangement

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3
Q

describe distortion that occurs to latitude and longitude lines when they approach the poles
(in most projections)

A

the longitudes are often widened

the latitude lines are often compressed

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4
Q

name three examples of great circles

A

equator
prime meridian
international date line

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5
Q

on what kind of projection are latitude and longitude lines always parallel

A

there is NO projection where this occurs

lat and long lines are only parallel on globes

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6
Q

what does an azimuthal projection preserve

A

directions from a standard point

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7
Q

what is an orthographic

A

a projection made to look like a sphere

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8
Q

what is the goal when selecting standard lines

A

to place them in a way that minimizes distortion for the area of interest

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9
Q

what is a standard line

A

where the developable surface is touching the spheroid

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10
Q

where will a transverse cylinder’s standard line run

A

N to S on a meridian

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11
Q

what will a gnomonic projection preserve

A

the places you would fly over between 2 points

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12
Q

what happens when you run a simplify function on a line

A

points will be removed from the line

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13
Q

what happens when you run a smooth function on a line

A

points will be added to the line in order to reduce angularity

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14
Q

what does aggregation mean (outside the context of ArcGIS)

A

multiple points will be represented by an area at a smaller scale

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15
Q

what will a collapse function do

A

it will turn an area into a point

for example: the city footprint of Washington, DC may be turned into a star (point feature)

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16
Q

what does displacement do

A

it will move a feature or area farther from another feature or area in order to make the two distinct from one another
For example, one may push an island farther from a coastline at a smaller scale in order to accentuate the island.

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17
Q

what is exaggeration

A

increasing the size of a feature if it is important

the classic example is cape cod

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18
Q

example of enchance

A

rather than simply having road lines intersect river lines, add a bridge symbol to the road lines in order to enhance them

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19
Q

what is leading

A

separating the baseline between 2 words in a stacked label

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20
Q

what is the scale of a locator map compared to the main map

A

the locator map is at a smaller scale

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21
Q

what is the scale of an inset map compared to the main map and the locator map

A

the scale of the inset will be larger than both the locator and main map

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22
Q

name the four spatial dimension

A

point
area
line
volume

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23
Q

name the four variables of a model

A

discrete, continuous, abrupt, smooth

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24
Q

name the four levels of measurement

A

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

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25
what is the model of a proportional symbol map
discrete and abrupt
26
what is the model of a dot density map
discrete and smooth
27
what is the model of a choropleth map
continuous and abrupt
28
what is the model of an isopleth map
continuous and smooth
29
what are the two parts of a bivariate combo
a quantitative and qualitative component
30
how do you create a porportional symbol for a linear bar
divide by the minimum value
31
how do you create a proportional symbol for areal symbols
take the square root and divide by minimum value
32
how do you create a proportional symbol for volume symbols
take the cubed root and divide by min
33
name the three basic color schemes
sequential diverging qualitative
34
how does a sequential color scheme work
values are simply high to low and often represented by the lightness of a color an example would be amount of rainfall
35
what is the hallmark of a diverging color scheme
it has a meaningful central point colors would go from dark to light to dark again an example would be change in temperature
36
how do you set hue in an rgb scheme?
``` by setting proportion of RGB the higher proportion will be the color represented for example r=240 g=120 b=80 would display a more red color ```
37
how do you set the lightness in a rgb color scheme
the overall value of the rgb values
38
how do you set the saturation within an rgb scale
it is set using the lowest of the rgb values
39
equal interval
equal ranges in the data | max-min/ (#intervals)
40
quantile
``` equal observations per class #observations/#classes ```
41
standard deviation
the mean plus/minus a given number of standard deviations
42
natural breaks
done by eye or algorithms
43
what are the 2 main goals of a natural break classification
minimizing intraclass differences and maximizing interclass differences
44
when describing the type of model, do we refer to the phenomena or the representation of it
the phenomena itself
45
nominal data
named data with no natural order
46
ordinal data
``` non number data with a natural order for example (bad, better, best) ```
47
interval data
has a "meaningless" zero | temperature celsius
48
ratio data
will not include negative values has a meaningful zero height of children
49
what will an overall high rgb value do to lightness
it will be very light | the higher the rgb the lighter the value
50
how many font size points exist per inch
72
51
hue color separation is good for _____, while saturation is good for ______
classes | subclasses
52
gestalt principle
how humans perceive individual concepts as a whole
53
discrete phenomena
occurs at distinct locations with space between separating elements
54
continuous phenomena
occurs throughout geographic area of interest
55
example of abrupt phenomena
changes in electoral votes across states
56
example of smooth phenomena
precipitation throughout a region
57
dichromats
cannot see any difference between red and green
58
trichromats
have difficulty distinguishing between red and green
59
three steps to setting and rgb color value
set hue using proportion and highest rgb value set lightness using a higher value of your optimal color set saturation using the lowest of the rgb numbers
60
what is the name of the most common line simplification algorithm
douglas peucker
61
seperable
capable of being attended to independently of other dimensions
62
integral
cannot be processed without interference from other dimensions
63
configural
chracteristics of both inegral and seperable | new image or emerging properties may form
64
what should contours be used for
detailed metric elevation info
65
what should hypsometric tints be used for
relative elevation info
66
what should hill shading be used for
perception of overall landform shapes and backgrounds
67
does an isoline have to be a contour
no, it only means any line of equal value
68
isometric
true values at points
69
isoplethic
derived from area data to show conceptual form
70
interpolation
estimating data values in areas between known value | this can be done with isolines and grid data alike
71
name three developable surfaces
cylinder, cone, plane
72
what are the three projection classes
cylindrical conic planar (animuthal)
73
name four different projection aspects
equatorial transverse polar oblique
74
name two different projection cases
tangent(simple) | secant
75
the 6 cases where you'll want to generalize
``` congestion coalescence conflict complication inconsistency imperceptibility ```
76
4 steps of generalization
select simplify classify symbolize
77
3 subclasses of generalization
content geometry symbolize
78
3 ways to generalize content
add eliminate reclassify
79
aggregate
replacement of many features with a representative feature of INCREASED dimensionality
80
collapse
replacement of a feature with a representative feature of LOWER dimensiuonality
81
merge
replacement of a feature with a representative feature of EQUAL dimensionality AMALGAMATE
82
displace
adjustment of a feature to avoid coalescence with adjacent feature while maintaining topology
83
exagerrate
amplification of a portion of a feature to emphasize a characteristic aspect of it
84
smooth
removal of small variations in the geometry of a feature to improve its appearance
85
what were 2 recommendations put forth for USGS terrain representation
use a 5 point illumination model | add a 10% transparency to hillshade layer in order to allow curvature model to appear
86
what are the 5 illumination points recommended for the USGS terrain
``` NE N NW W SE ```
87
point label placement order (1-6)
``` NE SW NW SW N S ```
88
what is a breakline
when a label interferes with a line like a road. you can break the line with the font using a halo contour lines commonly breaklines
89
name a few good color choices for the color blind
``` red blue orange blue brown blue yellow blue blue gray ```
90
induction
the problem that occurs when contrast of background makes you perceive colors differently in foreground
91
what will an overall higher magnitdue of colors equal
a lighter color
92
how can you change the saturation in an RGB scheme
lower the lowest of the color values
93
what are the three steps to RGB setup
set hue set lightness set saturation
94
do equal steps in RGB numbers mean equal visual steps
they do not, larger number steps are required for changes in darker colors (low numbers)

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