Soils Exam 3

Question 1

What happens as the biomass of organisms goes down?

Answer 1

The abundance of them goes up

Question 2

Functional Diversity

Answer 2

Utilize a wide variety of substrates and carry out many processes

Question 3

Functional Redundancy

Answer 3

Multiplke species being able to carry out the same function

Question 4

Ecosystem stabability

Answer 4

Soil having several ways to accomplish the same function BY FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY

Question 5

Macroorganisms

Answer 5

Greather than 2mm

Question 6

Mesoorgannisms

Answer 6

2-.1mm

Question 7

Microorganisms

Answer 7

Less than .1mm

Question 8

Annelids

Answer 8

Earthworms

Question 9

Helminths

Answer 9

Nematodes

Question 10

Largets biomass in soil

Answer 10

Fungi

Question 11

Actinomcytes

Answer 11

Long strainds and function like fungi but relates to bacteria

Question 12

Protozoa

Answer 12

Mobile single celled and karger than bacteria

Question 13

What is a midden and its function

Answer 13

An eathworm cast that improves soil physical properties

Question 14

What microorganism helps soil horizontally

Answer 14

Ants

Question 15

What helps soil veritcally

Answer 15

Termites

Question 16

H?ow do nematodes benefit and harm soil

Answer 16

They release N from bacteria, but they also bite plant roots to infection

Question 17

What is the function of Protozoa?

Answer 17

They eat Bacteria to release nutrientrs

Question 18

What are the 3 broad groups of fungi?

Answer 18

Yeast Mold Mushroom

Question 19

What separates bacteria from fungi and actinomycetes

Answer 19

Bacteria breaks down material in more anaerobic environments and less complex ,molecules

Question 20

Whyat is a commonesalist

Answer 20

Organisms living side by side with little interaction

Question 21

What decomposes the most complex organic matter?

Answer 21

Actinomycetes

Question 22

What happens to the organic matter during composition

Answer 22

2/3 goes into c02 and 1/3 becomes microbial cells or soil

Question 23

What happens at a high c/n ratio

Answer 23

immobilization

Question 24

What happens at a low c/n ratio

Answer 24

Mineralization

Question 25

What two things does SOM do to improve soil

Answer 25

Increases CEC and pH buffering

Question 26

What 3 residue properties affect decomposition?

Answer 26

Size and surface area C/n ratio Chemical composition (lgnin..)

Question 27

For which 2 nutrients are soil tests done?

Answer 27

P and K

Question 28

Ammonia to ammonium

Answer 28

Volizalization

Question 29

What does soil managemenr affect the most

Answer 29

water

Question 30

what nutrient are freshwater systems limited by

Answer 30

p

Question 31

what nutrient are saline water systems limited by

Answer 31

n

Question 32

Name 4 ways to limit nutrient lose in agri

Answer 32

buffer strips cover crops conservation tillage forest stand management

Question 33

soil minerals supply little amount of this nutrient

Answer 33

N

Question 34

What ratio is higher in manure than plant tissue

Answer 34

P:N

Question 35

what 4 factors influence mineralization

Answer 35

moisture aeration temperature C:N rstio

Question 36

where does the majority of po and k come from?

Answer 36

geologic deposits

Question 37

where can k fert be found

Answer 37

salt beds

Question 38

from where is n fertilizer extracted

Answer 38

the atmosphere via the haber bosch process

Question 39

what are 3 hazards associated with inorganic fert use

Answer 39

salt hazards, acid formation, volatilization

Question 40

how do you know how much n to add to soil

Answer 40

expected crop yield, soil type

Question 41

what does freeze/thaw affect in soil

Answer 41

k availability

Question 42

what is the first step of mineralization

Answer 42

ammonification

Question 43

what is the second step of mineralization

Answer 43

nitrfication

Question 44

What does a high C:N ratio cause GREATER THAN 30:1

Answer 44

immobilization

Question 45

what does low C:N cause LESS THAN 20:1

Answer 45

mineralization

Question 46

What can caude volitalizarion?

Answer 46

high pH | little moisture

Question 47

is nitrate readily leached

Answer 47

yes?

Question 48

what is the reduction ofn to a gaseous form

Answer 48

denirtification

Question 49

what occurs to nirtogen in anaerobic conditions

Answer 49

denitrification

Question 50

what can cause redness and short roots

Answer 50

P deficiency

Question 51

what major nutrient is scarce in soil

Answer 51

P

Question 52

what helps plants uptake p

Answer 52

mycorrhizae

Question 53

what happens when C:P ratios are less than 200:1

Answer 53

mineralization

Question 54

what happens when P concentration is greater than 300:1

Answer 54

immobilization

Question 55

what type of p is unavailable as pH increases

Answer 55

calcium phosphates

Question 56

what type of p is less soluble at lo pH

Answer 56

hydroxy phosphates

Question 57

where is most k held in soils

Answer 57

feldspars and micas that make it unavailable

Question 58

what is throughfall

Answer 58

k taken up by plants then washed away by raineater from plant foliage

Question 59

what is the problem with k

Answer 59

there is a large amount present, but only little available and plants intake it luxuriously

Question 60

what nutrient is measured by its rate of transformation than total amount in soil

Answer 60

K

Question 61

how do we limit k uptake in plants

Answer 61

watch the soil pH levels

Question 62

what organism has greatest biomass in soil

Answer 62

fungi

Question 63

what is the smallest pool of P

Answer 63

soil solution

Question 64

what are the 2 most common ways to lose SOM

Answer 64

erosion and decomp

Question 65

what organism ahs the greatest number in soil

Answer 65

bacteria

Question 66

what 3 propeties affect decomp

Answer 66

chemical content, zie, C:N ratio

Question 67

what process adds most nitrogen to soil

Answer 67

biological nitrogen fixation

Question 68

what is the symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi

Answer 68

mycorhizzae