GEOG363 EXAM 2

Question 1

majority of cost and time in building a GIS

Answer 1

data preparation/building the database

Question 2

on screen digitizing

Answer 2

“heads up” with vectors

Question 3

what will happen to digitizing errors as you increase the scale of the map

Answer 3

the error will increase proportionate to the increase in map scale

little errors in the large scale can mean huge scales in small scale maps

Question 4

name 5 types of positional errors

Answer 4

1. undershooting/overshooting nodes
2. open polygons
3. missing nodes
4. self intersecting lines
5. sliver polygons

Question 5

what does snap tolerance do?

Answer 5

it snaps undershot nodes to lines through buffers

Question 6

what to options do we have to correct positional error

Answer 6

1. redraw

2. choose master boundary

Question 7

registration

Answer 7

when layers spatially coincide

Question 8

name 2 examples of post-processes

Answer 8

1. smoothing

2. spline - interpolates curves to reduce jaggedness of edges

Question 9

name 3 sources of rasters

Answer 9

1. scanned maps
2. remote sensing
3. statistical surfaces

Question 10

what is the difference between an image and a photograph

Answer 10

photographs are specific to images that are on film

Question 11

unreferenced raster refers to…

Answer 11

when coordinate values to position an image are missing

Question 12

regular raster distortion (3)

Answer 12

image is out of:

1. scale
2. shift
3. rotation

Question 13

irregular raster distortion (2)

Answer 13

1. terrain

2. flight conditions

Question 14

what do we call fixing regular and irregular raster distortion

Answer 14

orthoimagery

Question 15

affine transformation

Answer 15

preserving the parallel nature of lines and ratio of distances

Question 16

collinear

Answer 16

any number of points can be said to be collinear if a straight line can pass through them all

Question 17

3 types of affine transformation and define them

Answer 17

1. translation (sliding)
2. rotation
3. dilation (scaling)

Question 18

what kind of distortions are affine transformations good for?

Answer 18

regular

Question 19

what kind of distortions are higher order polynomials good for?

Answer 19

irregular

Question 20

RMSE

Answer 20

root mean square error

a measure of precision between true and computed coordinates of points

NOT ACCURACY

Question 21

nearest neighbor

Answer 21

assigns output cell value from nearest corresponding input cell

Question 22

bilinear interpolation

Answer 22

uses nearest cell and next closest 3 to get a weighted average

Question 23

what does georeferencing develop in order to transform all cells of a raster

Answer 23

equations

Question 24

difference between a database and DBMS

Answer 24

DBMS allows access and understanding of data

Question 25

name 5 things DBMS can offer that databases cannot

Answer 25

1. locking 2. rights 3. views 4. back ups 5. monitoring

Question 26

what does n-tier architecture describe

Answer 26

allows users (web users [upper tirer]) to access data (in a database [bottom tier]) to interpret data without accessing the data itself

Question 27

how can multiple tables be joined?

Answer 27

through a common unique ID attribute

Question 28

what kind of algebra is used in query language?

Answer 28

relational algebra

Question 29

name and define 4 different hings that can be done with relational algebra

Answer 29

1. intersect - in both tables 2. union - add two tables 3. difference - take away from one table 4. join - link tables through a key attribute

Question 30

SQL and define

Answer 30

Structured Query Language is a special programming language used to manage data in a RDBMS

Question 31

Primary key

Answer 31

one column that contains a unique value for every row in the table

Question 32

what is something primary keys can be used for

Answer 32

cross referencing two different tables - here it acts as a foreign key

Question 33

3 rules of tables

Answer 33

1. cannot be 2 identical rows 2. there must be a primary key 3. the primary key may not contain any null values

Question 34

functional dependency

Answer 34

an attribute is functionally dependent if it is determined by the value of another attribute

Question 35

local spatial operations

Answer 35

one input for one output

Question 36

neighborhood spatial operations

Answer 36

local and nearby input influence output

Question 37

global spatial operations

Answer 37

entire input layer is used to determine each local output

Question 38

dissolve operation

Answer 38

features with same attribute value are merged creation of aggregated polygons

Question 39

2 most important tools of GIS analysis

Answer 39

buffers and overlays

Question 40

how were overlays done back in the day

Answer 40

with transparent copies

Question 41

father of GIS

Answer 41

Dr. Roger Tomlinson

Question 42

overlays combine data to do what two things?

Answer 42

join attributes or filter out data

Question 43

what 3 things must be done before working with overlays?

Answer 43

1. georegistered 2. same resolution 3. functionally related

Question 44

what will overlays that combine different vector geometries result in?

Answer 44

a layer with a lower dimensional geometry

Question 45

what are network structures used for?

Answer 45

to represent features such as roads, pipelines, rivers, etc

Question 46

name 2 things network analysis can be used for

Answer 46

route selection | resource allocation

Question 47

geocoding and its problem

Answer 47

linear referencing of addresses along road features NOT ALL BUILDINGS ARE OF EQUAL SIZE OR SHAPE

Question 48

gazetteers

Answer 48

place name directories that contain spatial information and feature type pizza shop is here

Question 49

ontology

Answer 49

classification of feature types

Question 50

what does reclassification do to new values

Answer 50

makes the resulting class more generalized

Question 51

MAUP and define

Answer 51

Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Changing the size or shape of an object can alter the values in the classes

Question 52

natural break classes

Answer 52

minimize intraclass differences and maximize interclass differences

Question 53

spectral signature and example

Answer 53

certain things in a remote senses photograph have a specific color EG water is blue

Question 54

georectification

Answer 54

adding control points to photos to make them accurate

Question 55

transit costs

Answer 55

weight used to make models that use attribute data to weigh distances

Question 56

equal area

Answer 56

take x classes and make sure that they have the same area

Question 57

what do thematic maps emphasize?

Answer 57

attributes often only one or a few

Question 58

what do reference maps emphasize

Answer 58

features often many features

Question 59

ecological fallacy

Answer 59

to assume that a generalized statistic refers to an individual within a population

Question 60

name 3 types of vector buffera

Answer 60

simple compound nested