concept
a concept is a label given to things that are similar to each other
variable
a concept that a researcher has a specific interest in
examples of attributes
male/female are two attributes of the variable gender
independent variable
influences the dependent variable
dependent variable
the variable influenced by the independent variable
variable that vary in the same direction
positive relationship
variables that vary in opposite direction
negative relationship
who wrote the artcile on social disorganization and rural communities
osgood and chambers
social siorganization theory
strong networks of social relationships prevent crime and delinquency
hypothesis concerning residential instability
juvenile violence will incerase as residential instability increases
residential instability
when the population of an area is constantly chnaging
why is ethnic diversity a problem
adults are unable to communicate with one another
what is family disruption and why is it a problem
when there are more children than oarents in the community and the parents can’t take care of the chilldren. they can’t supervise themq
how to title a table
dependent BY independent varaible
which variable goes in cloumns of table
independent
which variable goes in rows of table
dependent variable
where should precentages go in a table
down the column
how do you measure youth violence
arrest rates for persons aged 11-17 for murder, rape, robbery, etc
how do you measure residential instability
proportion of housholds that have moved from another dwelling in the past 5 uears
how do you measure family disruption
Family disruption was indexed by (the number of) female-headed households (in the county), expressed as a proportion of all households with children.
content analysis
scrutiny of the text, its author, and the time it was written
observational research
when researchers view their specimen in their natural environment, not a lab
phrasing a survey
treat your readers like 7th graders
double negatives
do you hate me or not?
double barreled
do you like ice cream and your favorite dog?
loaded
do you agree witht he democrats that the republicans do suck
marathon
what do you think we should do on campus, make the kids study, if we do this blah blah blah
howthorne effect
simply knowing that you are being studied skews your answers
unobstrusive methods
studying people without them knowing it
artifacts
draw9ing conclusions about poeople from there things
existing statistics
using us census data
name 3 unobtrusive methods for research
artifacts, exisiting statistics, content analysis
informed consent
consent received from participant once they know the benefits and harms of project
IRB
institutional review board that makes sure researchewrs have put enougb thought into their work
cultural diffusion and example
things adopted by other cultures
americans eating sushi
cultural leveling
when you experience many areas eating cheeseburgers
subculture example
amish
counter culture example
KKK
idioculture and example
when small groups have their own culture such a little league baseball teams or classrooms
5 parts of non material culture
symbols values beliefs language norms
symbol
$
value
hard work
belief
men are stronger than women
culture as product of action
culture is made by people doing things
culture as conditioning element
culture shapes the way our future actions occur
achieved status
being a doctor or spouse
ascribed status
sex, race, ethnicity
examples of primary group
small informal groups like friends and family
examples of secondary groups
larger formal groups like univiersities or nations
master status definition and example
when somebody is expected to act a certain way because of a very distinct group
EX: a black doctor
roles
sum total of expectations about behavior strributed to a specific social status
role conflict
when demands of different roles clash
status
position one holds in a social structure
status inconsistency
when an individual occupys multiple statuses that do not mesh wioth social expectations
name 4 attributes of institutions
conservative
change slowly
interdependent
differ from one society to another
what is the difference between a social structure and institution
an institution is a set of ideas about how social structures ought to be organized
examples of institutions vs social structures
institutions: military or education
social structure: preschool elementary
how does a social institution survive
by remaining self sufficient
how does an institution remain self sufficient
getting new members, avoiding enemies, etc
society
the totality of people and social relations in a given geographic space
code of the streets
a set of interpersonal behavior rules that govern personal behavior and violence
street belief in police
represent a white dominant society that doesn’t care about the inner city
decent belief of police
decents have some belief in mainstream society
is the code of the streets a dub culture?
no, a counter culture
jackets, sneakers, god jewelry also show
a willingness to possess things requiring defense
juice
respect
operationalize
creating variables that can be attached to concept
attribute
values the variable can take
