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BIOL 172 > Ch 34 Chordates - Fish > Flashcards

Ch 34 Chordates - Fish Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Three major groups of bilateral animals

A

1) Deuterostomes
2) Lophotrocozoa
3) Ecdysozoa

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2
Q

What clade of bilaterians do humans belong to?

A

Deuterostomia

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3
Q

All echinoderms are what?

A

Marine animals

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4
Q

Echinoderms have what kind of symmetry?

A

Secondarily evolved radial symmetry

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5
Q

From where did the symmetry of echinoderms evolve?

A

A bilateral ancestor

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6
Q

What kind of symmetry is exhibited by echinoderm larva?

A

Bilateral symmetry

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7
Q

Echindoerms have what kind of internal support system?

A

A calcium-containing endoskeleton

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8
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal skeleton

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9
Q

What is the internal support system of echinoderms composed of?

A

Plate or tiny, scattered bony elements

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10
Q

Are any of the echinoderms parasites?

A

No

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11
Q

How do echinoderms move?

A

Via a water-vascular system

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12
Q

Water-vascular system

A

Fluid is pushed from muscular ampullae into tube feet, causing them to extend

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13
Q

What two things typically cover the surface of echinoderms?

A

1) Spines

2) Pedicellariae

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14
Q

Pedicellariae

A

Tiny jaws

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15
Q

Pedicellariae serve what purpose?

A

They keep the surface clear of debris and parasites

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16
Q

Catch collagen

A

Changes rapidly between solid and liquid states in response to stimulation from the nervous system

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17
Q

What is a unique connective tissue of echinoderms?

A

Catch collagen

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18
Q

What kind of symmetry is observed in sea cucumbers?

A

Secondarily evolved bilateral symmetry

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19
Q

How do sea cucumbers digest organic matter

A

In ingested sediment

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20
Q

How is the digestive system of sea cucumbers used as a defensive mechanism?

A

It can be expelled (and regenerated)

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21
Q

Four shared derived characters of chordates

A

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3) Pharyngeal slits/clefts
4) Muscular, post-anal tail

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22
Q

Notochord

A

A semi-rigid rod of cells enclosed by a fibrous sheath

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23
Q

Function of the notochord

A

Functions as a skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Nerve cord

A

Dorsal and hollow

Runs length of body

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25
Pharyngeal slits
Openings in the pharyngeal cavity (throat) to the outside of the animal
26
In later chordates, what gave rise to the structures of the middle ear, tonsils, and internal gills?
The evolution of pouches between the pharyngeal slits
27
Post-anal tail
Muscular Evolved for locomotion in water
28
Two clades of the chordates that divered early in the evolution of vertebrates
1) Cephalochordata | 2) Urochordata
29
Cephalochordates (lancelets)
Small, thin filter feeders Found in sandy bottoms in coastal waters
30
Cephalochordates lack what?
1) Gills | 2) Heart
31
Cephalochordates posses what?
A closed circulatory system
32
Are urochordates or cephalochordates more closely related to chordates?
Urochordates
33
How do urochordates (tunicates) feed?
Filter feeding Draw water in through an incurrent siphon
34
Do all urochordates (tunicates) posses all four chordate traits?
No, only the free-swimming larva have all four traits
35
Craniates
Chordates that have a head
36
Craniates posses what?
1) Heat with at least two chambers 2) Red blood cells with hemoglobin 3) Kidneys
37
Neural crest
Feature unique to craniate embryos
38
The neural crest gives rise to what structures?
Some bone of the cartilage of the skull
39
Haikouella
Among the most primitive of chordate fossils
40
How long ago did Haikouella live?
530 mya
41
Haikouella possesed what?
1) Well formed brain 2) Eyes 3) Muscular segments
42
Haikouella lack what?
A skull
43
Is "fish" a good monophyletic group within the chordates?
No
44
Two groups of jawless fishes
1) Myxini | 2) Petromyzontida
45
Myxini skeletal system
Notochord only "backbone"
46
Petromyzontida skeletal system
Fibrous and cartilaginous skeleton
47
Myxini braincase
Cartilaginous braincase
48
Petromyzontida braincase
Cartilaginous braincase
49
Myxini fins
No paired fins
50
Myxini digestion
No stomach
51
Petromyzontida fins
No paired fins
52
Petromyzontida digestion
Distinct stomach
53
Myxini circulatory system
Partially open circulatory system with four hearts
54
Petromyzontida circulatory system
Closed circulatory system with one heart
55
Gnathostomes
Chordates with jaws
56
Gnathostomes include (six):
1) Sharks, etc 2) Ray-finned fishes 3) Lobe-finned fishes 4) Amphibians 5) Reptiles (including birds) 6) Mammals
57
Two advantages of jaws
1) Improved respiratory efficiency | 2) Facilitated prey handling
58
How did jaws improve respiratory efficiency?
Closing jaws prevent backflow when water is passed over the gills
59
How did jaws facilitate handling prey?
They allows for grasping, biting, and suction feeding
60
From what structures may the jaws of gnathostomes evolve?
Skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits
61
What are the earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record?
Placoderms
62
Placoderms
An extinct lineage of armored vertebrates
63
How long ago did placoderms live?
450 mya
64
Chondricthyans have a skeleton composed primarily of what?
Cartilage
65
The largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans include what?
1) Sharks 2) Rays 3) Skates
66
What is a derived trait of chondrichthyes?
The lack of mineralization in their cartilaginous skeleton
67
The vertebrate ancestors of chondrichthyes possessed what?
Calcified bony skeletal elements
68
What kind of scales are found on chondricthyans?
Placoid
69
Placoid scales
Modified to form horns, spines, and teeth
70
The teeth of skates and rays are modified into what?
Plates for crushing molluscs, crustaceans, or fish
71
What is one intestinal adaptation of the chondrichthyans?
Spiral valve
72
Spiral valve
Slows the passage of food and increases the surface area for absorption
73
What contributes to buoyancy in sharks?
A huge, oily liver
74
Why must sharks continually swim?
Because they are denser than water and will sink if they stop swimming
75
Claspers
Modifications of the pelvic fins used in copulation
76
Are shark eggs fertilized internally or externally?
Internally
77
Three ways shark eggs develop:
1) Oviparous 2) Ovoviviparous 3) Viviparous
78
Oviparous
Eggs hatch outside the mother's body
79
Ovoviviparous
The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk
80
Viviparous
The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood
81
What clade of gnathostomes do a vast majority of vertebrates belong to?
Osteichthyes
82
Osteichthyans include:
1) Bony fish | 2) Tetrapods
83
Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishes
84
Nearly all the familiar osteichthyans belong to what?
The Acinopterygii
85
Osteichthyans have what kind of skeletal system?
A bony skeletal system
86
What covers the gills of osteichthyans?
A plate-like operculum
87
Operculum
Allows fish to breath efficiently without forward movement
88
How are bony fishes more diverse than the chondricthyes?
They have more diverse teeth and digestive system
89
What increased swimming efficiency and maneuverability in bony fishes?
The evolution of a gas bladder

BIOL 172 (29 decks)

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