Ch 42 Respiration and Circulation

Question 1

Blood

Answer 1

The fluid medium for transport on the scale of the whole multicellular animal

Question 2

Blood functions in the transport of

Answer 2

1) Cell and products of the immune system
2) Gases
3) Heat
4) Hormones
5) Nutrients
6) Wastes
7) Water

Question 3

Erythrocyte

Answer 3

Red blood cell

Question 4

Leukocyte

Answer 4

White blood cell

Question 5

Erythrocytes of birds and mammals originate where?

Answer 5

In the bone marrow

Question 6

What is true of the erythrocytes of birds and mammals that is not true of all other eurythrocytes?

Answer 6

They lose their nuclei and most organelles

All other vertebrate eurythrocytes retain their nuclei

Question 7

Unique characteristic of mammal eurythrocytes

Answer 7

Biconcave shape

Increases surface area

Question 8

Platelets

Answer 8

Cytoplasmic fragments that are produced by large cells residing in bone marrow

Question 9

What role do platelets play in clotting?

Answer 9

They adhere to break in blood vessels and initiate a cascade of reaction leading to blood clotting

Question 10

Open circulatory system

Answer 10

1) Blood is merely hemolymph
2) Low pressure
3) Often not involved in O2 transport

Question 11

Hemolymph

Answer 11

Extracellular fluid

Question 12

Closed circulatory system

Answer 12

1) Blood is only 5-10% of body volume
2) High pressure
3) Extensive branching into tiny capillaries

Question 13

Homocoel

Answer 13

Body cavity where the hear and all organs of insects and other arthropods lie

Question 14

How does hemolymph enter the heart of insects and other arthropods?

Answer 14

Through valved openings and is pumped towards the head

Question 15

Annelids have what kind of circulatory system?

Answer 15

The simplest full, closed circulatory system

Question 16

Circulatory system of fish

Answer 16

Single circuit

Two-chamber heart pumps blood first through a gill capillary system and then through a systemic capillary system

Question 17

Circulatory system of tetrapods

Answer 17

Two-circuit

Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits for higher blood pressure and more efficient O2 delivery

Question 18

How many chambers does the heart of amphibians and nonavian reptiles have?

Answer 18

Three

Question 19

Circulatory system of birds and mammals

Answer 19

Two-circuit

Separate atria to collect blood and separate ventricles to pump blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Question 20

How many chambers does the heart of birds and mammals have?

Answer 20

Four

Question 21

What keeps blood flowing in one direction?

Answer 21

Heart valves

Question 22

Artery tissue vs Vein tissue

Answer 22

Arteries have thicker layer of elastic connective tissue and smooth muscles than do veins

Question 23

Artery diameter vs Vein diameter

Answer 23

Veins have a greater internal diameter than arteries

Question 24

Capillary walls

Answer 24

Comprised of a single layer of epithelial cells

Question 25

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 25

A thickening and loss of elasticity in the arteries

Question 26

What causes a heart attack?

Answer 26

Clots

Question 27

What causes clots?

Answer 27

Arteriosclerosis and accumulation of fatty cholesterol plaques

Question 28

Capillary density in muscle

Answer 28

Can be denser than one million per square inch in muscle

Question 29

What regulates blood flow to capillaries?

Answer 29

Sphincters at their point of departure from the arterioles

Question 30

What is the link between the arterial and venous system?

Answer 30

Capillary beds

Question 31

Capillary beds are the site of what?

Answer 31

Ion, nutrient, and water exchange

Question 32

What happens as blood flow slows?

Answer 32

Diffusion increases and fluid and small molecules enter the extracellular spaces

Question 33

Higher inital blood pressure in the capillaries leads to what?

Answer 33

It forces fluid into the interstitial space between cells

Question 34

What role do large molecules play in the capillaries?

Answer 34

Large molecule cannot escape the capillaries and, therefore, increase in concentration making the blood hyperosmotic

Question 35

External respiration

Answer 35

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between an animal and its environment

Question 36

How much of blood is water?

Answer 36

Less than 1%

Question 37

How much of blood is oxygen?

Answer 37

21%

Question 38

What facilitates external respiration in insects, the millipedes, and some spiders?

Answer 38

An intricate system of tracheae and tracheoles

Question 39

Does blood play a role in oxygen transportation in insects, millipedes, and spiders?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

In mammals, what moves air in and out of the lungs?

Answer 40

Muscles attached to the ribs

Question 41

In mammals, gas exchange occurs where?

Answer 41

Across the surface of the alveoli

Question 42

Birds have what kind of respiratory system?

Answer 42

A through-flow respiration system pumped by posterior and anterior air sacs

Question 43

Hemoglobin

Answer 43

An oxygen carrying protein molecule in all vertebrates and many invertebrates

Question 44

How much of the oxygen needed by humans is dissolved in blood plasma?

Answer 44

~1%

Question 45

How much of the oxygen needed by humans is dissolved hemoglobin?

Answer 45

20%

Question 46

When does hemoglobin bind O2?

Answer 46

When its in a high oxygen environment

Question 47

When does hemoglobin release O2?

Answer 47

When it is in a low oxygen environment?

Question 48

Why is oxygen delivered most to the most active sites?

Answer 48

Because both CO2 and lactic acid (from anaerobic respiration) lower blood pH

Question 49

Myoglobin

Answer 49

A protein that binds oxygen in muscles

Question 50

Mammalian dive reflex

Answer 50

A respiratory and circulatory reflex to conserve O2 is initiated by cold water contacting the face of mammals

Question 51

Mammalian dive reflex causes:

Answer 51

1) Heart rate to slow | 2) Peripheral blood vessels to constrict

Question 52

Due to the mammalian dive reflex, what happens in very deep dives?

Answer 52

Plasma and interstitial fluid move into the chest cavity